Tim Clutton-Brock has suggested there are at least two ways of explaining the giving of aid to non-relatives that he does not consider to be reciprocal altruism:
A) Direct reciprocation and simple reciprocation
B) Gift economy and manipulation
C) Mutualism and manipulation.
D) Direct reciprocation and manipulation

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Tim Clutton-Brock suggests that mutualism and manipulation are two ways of explaining the giving of aid to non-relatives that do not fall under the category of reciprocal altruism. Mutualism refers to situations where both parties benefit directly from an interaction, while manipulation involves one party influencing another for its own benefit, without the expectation of direct reciprocation.

Tim Clutton-Brock Has Suggested There Are at Least Two Ways