The Xtreme Football League (XFL) was launched in 2001 by Vince McMahon, chairman of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was designed to provide professional football to American sports fans in the months after the conclusion of the National Football League (NFL) season. In spite of heavy promotion, lots of advertising, and a national network television contract, the XFL was a classic product failure, largely because the quality of play was not good enough to satisfy most football fans. The league evaporated after one season. This type of failure refutes the frequent claim of critics that advertising:

Question

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The failure of the XFL shows that even with heavy promotion and advertising, consumers will not buy a product that does not meet their quality expectations. This refutes the claim that advertising manipulates consumers to buy anything a company chooses to produce.

The Xtreme Football League (XFL) Was Launched in 2001 by Vince