A learned association between two stimuli is central to

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Classical conditioning involves learning an association between two stimuli, typically a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) and a biologically relevant stimulus (e.g., food or pain), resulting in a learned response to the neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation or fear). Shaping refers to the gradual reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior, negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior, and extrinsic motivation refers to external factors that drive behavior, such as rewards or punishment.

A Learned Association Between Two Stimuli Is Central to