In studies of both secondary school and university students, ________ has been a better predictor of school performance than intelligence scores have been.

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Studies have shown that self-discipline, such as the ability to control impulses and delay gratification, is a better predictor of academic success than intelligence scores. Basal metabolic rate, a polygraph, and family birth order have not been found to be significant predictors of school performance.

In Studies of Both Secondary School and University Students, ________