Question 1

Sergio has a quiet demeanor and avoids a lot of social contact.These characteristics describe Sergio's

Accepted Answer

The description given of Sergio's behavior relates to his personality traits, particularly his level of introversion. Fixation refers to being stuck in a stage of psychosexual development, the superego is a component of the psyche that operates according to moral values, and the collective unconscious refers to a shared, ancestral memory of all human beings.

Question 2

Voluntary emigration,a sparsely populated environment,and a shift to a capitalist economy have most clearly fostered

Accepted Answer

Voluntary emigration suggests that individuals are acting on their own desires and making independent decisions, which is reflective of individualism. A sparsely populated environment may also lead to a focus on individualism, as people may need to rely on themselves more than on others. A shift to a capitalist economy emphasizes the importance of individual effort and success, further promoting individualism. The other answer choices do not align with these factors.

Question 3

Freud believed that all ________ functioned indirectly and unconsciously.

Accepted Answer

Freud proposed that defense mechanisms operate unconsciously to protect the individual from anxiety and psychological discomfort. The other answer choices focus on more conscious aspects of the psyche, such as the stages of development and structures of the personality.

Question 4

Compared with people in individualist cultures,those in collectivist cultures are

Accepted Answer

In collectivist cultures, individuals place a high value on group harmony and cooperation, and therefore, are more likely to display signs of humility and prioritize the achievements and goals of the group over their own individual goals.

Question 5

The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by

Accepted Answer

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal choice, autonomy, and self-fulfillment, which aligns with the emphasis on romantic love as a basis for marriage. In contrast, collectivist cultures often prioritize family and community needs over individual desires, which may include arranged marriages or marriages based more on practical considerations than on romance.

Question 6

Freud indicated that defense mechanisms

Accepted Answer

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms operate unconsciously to reduce anxiety by distorting reality.

Question 7

When Mr.Thompson lived overseas for a year,he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person.His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by

Accepted Answer

In collectivistic cultures, older individuals are often respected and valued for their wisdom and experience. Mr. Thompson's surprise at being respected simply for his age suggests that he did not previously live in a collectivistic culture where this is the norm. Introversion, extraversion, and individualism do not necessarily have a direct correlation to how older individuals are viewed in a culture.

Question 8

The ________ perspective emphasizes that personality involves a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental processes.

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective, developed by Freud, emphasizes that personality involves a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental processes. It suggests that conflicts between the id, ego, and superego contribute to the development of personality.

Question 9

Jaydon doesn't realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family are leading to the destruction of both his family and career.A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego is responsible for mediating between the id's impulses and the superego's moral standards. A weak ego can lead to difficulties in balancing these conflicting forces, which may manifest as behaviors like alcohol abuse and neglect of responsibilities. Therefore, a psychoanalyst would likely suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a weak ego.

Question 10

People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing

Accepted Answer

People in collectivist cultures prioritize family obligations and group harmony over personal freedom and individual achievement. Therefore, they are more likely to report experiencing a sense of duty towards their family and community. Defensive self-esteem (A) may be more common in individualistic cultures, where personal achievement is valued above group harmony. Marital romance (D) may not differ significantly between collectivist and individualistic cultures as it is a subjective experience that can vary within individuals and couples.

Question 11

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning.

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung believed in the existence of a collective unconscious, which is a shared inheritance of human beings that contains archetypes, or universal symbolic representations of particular experiences or ideas. According to Jung, these archetypes play a significant role in personality functioning.

Question 12

In recent years,the percentage of American boys and girls given one of the 10 most common names for their birth year has plunged.This best reflects Americans' increasing

Accepted Answer

The decrease in common names for babies reflects Americans' increasing individualism, as parents are choosing less common names to assert their child's unique identity.

Question 13

In one study,brain scans suggested that collectivists experience _____ than individualists when viewing other people in distress.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In one study,brain scans suggested that collectivists...

Question 14

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The reference to "repressed childhood conflicts" indicates a focus on unconscious processes and early experiences, which are key concepts in psychoanalytic theory.

Question 15

Bryce often acts so daring and overconfident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt.Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as

Accepted Answer

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism where an individual acts in a manner opposite to their actual feelings or impulses, often to hide their true feelings. In this case, Bryce's daring and overconfident behavior is a facade to conceal his deep-seated insecurity and self-doubt, fitting the description of reaction formation.

Question 16

Who agreed with Freud that childhood is important,but stressed the importance of social rather than sexual tensions?

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney agreed with Freud that childhood is important, but emphasized the role of cultural and social factors in personality development rather than solely sexual tensions.

Question 17

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Individualism is the belief that individuals are unique and autonomous, whereas collectivism emphasizes the importance of the group and the interdependence of individuals within it. Therefore, the opposite of individualism is interdependence, making choice C the best answer.

Question 18

Freud suggested that adults with a passive personality marked by a childlike dependency demonstrate signs of

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, individuals who exhibit passive personality traits and a childlike dependency may be demonstrating signs of an oral fixation, which results from unresolved conflicts during the oral stage of psychosexual development. This fixation can cause a person to become overly dependent on others, seeking comfort and pleasure through oral activities such as eating, drinking, smoking, or even talking excessively.

Question 19

Chen-ling values group goals and group solidarity more than individual recognition for her professional accomplishments.Her identity is based on her affiliation with her family.Chen-ling's values most closely coincide with

Accepted Answer

Chen-ling's emphasis on group goals and solidarity, as well as her identification with her family, suggest a collectivistic orientation. Collectivism prioritizes the needs and goals of the group over individual needs and promotes strong group cohesion and loyalty.

Question 20

According to Freud,when does the superego begin to emerge?

Accepted Answer

Freud believed the superego begins to emerge around 5 years of age, as children start to internalize societal norms and parental values.

Quiz 13: Personality