Critics of positivist-oriented sociology are most likely to argue that knowledge and understanding should be defined in relation to

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Critics of positivist-oriented sociology often argue that knowledge and understanding cannot be reduced to measurable and objective variables, but rather must take into account human subjectivity and the social context in which it is produced. This perspective emphasizes the importance of interpretation, meaning-making, and the role of culture in shaping our experiences and understanding of the world. Inner feelings and theology may also be part of this broader approach, but are not necessarily central to it. Hard science, on the other hand, is typically associated with a more positivist, empirical approach that relies on quantitative methods and seeks to identify causal relationships among variables.

Critics of Positivist-Oriented Sociology Are Most Likely to Argue That