The nurse is caring for a cognitively impaired client who has experienced a painful procedure.The nurse is most effective in determining the client's pain medication needs when using which of the following assessment methods?

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Body movements and facial expressions that indicate pain include clenching the teeth,holding the painful part,bent posture,and grimaces.Some clients cry or moan,are restless,or make frequent requests of a nurse.You will soon learn to recognize patterns of behavior that reflect pain.This becomes especially important in clients who are unable to report their pain,such as the cognitively impaired.However,lack of pain expression does not necessarily mean that the client is not experiencing pain.The remaining options are not always as effective for the cognitively impaired or reflect inappropriate use of analgesics.

The Nurse Is Caring for a Cognitively Impaired Client Who