A client with chronic pain presents in the emergency department of the local hospital stating "I just can't take this anymore." On questioning the client,the nurse discovers that the client have experienced chronic pain since being involved in an accident 2 years previously.The client states that he has been labeled a "drug seeker" because he is looking for relief for the pain and feels hopeless,angry,and powerless to do anything about the situation.The nurse understands that this client is at risk for:

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The possible unknown cause of noncancer pain,combined with the unrelenting pain and uncertainty of its duration,frustrates the client,frequently leading to psychological depression and perhaps suicide.There is no evidence to demonstrate a relationship between chronic pain and criminal activity.Health care workers are usually less willing to treat chronic noncancer pain with opioids,although a recent policy statement supports the use of opioids for noncancer pain.In addition,the American Society of Anesthesiologists developed the Practice Guidelines for Chronic Pain Management,which includes the use of opioids.Many health care providers and clients fear addiction when long-term opioid use is prescribed to manage pain,although this fear is often inappropriate.Because of this concern,health care providers require opioid agreements and random urine testing in clients who require long-term opioid therapy.The effectiveness of agreements is lacking,and there are ethical concerns about using them for all clients who require long-term opioid therapy.This raises the question as to whether agreements protect clients or health care providers.

A Client with Chronic Pain Presents in the Emergency Department