Two Recent Studies in the United States Have Shown What

Two recent studies in the United States have shown what effect on the financial costs and benefits from immigration?

A) No fiscal effect
B) Substantial fiscal benefits since the average immigrant contributes more in taxes and government fees than he or she takes in services
C) Substantial fiscal costs since the average immigrant consumes more in government services than he or she gives in taxes and fees
D) Some fiscal costs through the consumption of services including education and health care