A Country That Becomes a Member of the World Trade

A country that becomes a member of the World Trade Organization agrees to bind its tariffs. "Binding" means that the country agrees not to increase existing tariffs and that it will not introduce new tariffs. However, GATT allows three exceptions to binding. Which of the following is NOT an exception to binding?

A) antidumping duties against dumped imports
B) countervailing duties against subsidized imports
C) safeguard or escape clause tariffs
D) tariff reductions negotiated in free-trade areas