When measuring GNI in an open economy, one must recognize not only net transfer payments to factors of production but also:

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GNI in an open economy should take into account net unilateral transfers, which include official aid and private charitable gifts. This is because these transfers represent income flows that are received from foreign sources without any obligation for payment in return. They can have a significant impact on a country's GNI and should not be overlooked. Net profit paid to corporations and the increase in asset prices as a result of foreign investment are already accounted for in GNI calculations, while income earned in the underground economy is difficult to measure and therefore not commonly included in official statistics.

When Measuring GNI in an Open Economy, One Must Recognize