Empirical studies indicate that the rate of social return from positive "standing on others' shoulders" externalities of research ______ the negative "stepping on toes" externalities of research.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Empirical studies have shown that the positive externalities of research, such as improved knowledge and technologies, lead to higher social returns than the negative externalities, such as competition and redundancy in research. This suggests that the benefits of standing on others' shoulders far outweigh the costs of stepping on toes. Therefore, option A) "greatly exceed" is the best choice.

Empirical Studies Indicate That the Rate of Social Return from Positive