After tobacco companies argued that cigarette smoking had never been proven to cause lung cancer or heart disease in humans, how did epidemiological researchers establish such a causal relationship?

Question

​After tobacco companies argued that cigarette smoking had never been proven to cause lung cancer or heart disease in humans, how did epidemiological researchers establish such a causal relationship?

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Epidemiological researchers established a causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer and heart disease by inferring it as all seven criteria were met, and they also relied on overwhelming evidence. Additionally, experimental studies were conducted to prove the causal relationship. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

​After Tobacco Companies Argued That Cigarette Smoking Had Never Been

After Tobacco Companies Argued That Cigarette Smoking Had Never Been