While walking through the halls of middle school, Jacob accidentally bumps into a student named Sam. Jacob is surprised when Sam responds by yelling profanity at Jacob and punching him in the stomach several times. Based on his reaction, Sam seems to have a(n)

Question

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Sam's hostile and aggressive response to a simple accident suggests that he has a hostile attribution bias, which means that he tends to interpret neutral or ambiguous actions as intentionally hurtful or hostile. This bias can lead to aggressive and retaliatory behavior in response to perceived threats.

While Walking Through the Halls of Middle School, Jacob Accidentally