Sam is a 14-year-old with Down syndrome. After many successful years in supported school and therapy contexts, Sam is demonstrating goal-directed, self-regulated, independent behaviors and attitudes. Which term best describes this?

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Self-determination refers to the ability to make choices and decisions that affect one's life, and to take responsibility for those decisions. Sam's demonstration of goal-directed, self-regulated, independent behaviors and attitudes reflects his growing self-determination, as he becomes more capable of taking charge of his own life. While self-esteem and community participation may be related to self-determination, neither term fully captures the idea of self-directed decision-making and responsibility-taking that defines self-determination. Over-confidence, on the other hand, suggests an unwarranted sense of certainty or competence, which is not necessarily evident in Sam's situation.

Sam Is a 14-Year-Old with Down Syndrome