In quid pro quo sexual harassment cases and hostile environment cases,the employer is always vicariously liable under the __________ standard when a supervisor takes a tangible employment action against a subordinate.

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In quid pro quo sexual harassment cases and hostile environment cases where a supervisor takes a tangible employment action against a subordinate, the employer is vicariously liable under the "aided-by-the-agency-relation" standard. This standard recognizes the power dynamic and authority a supervisor has over a subordinate, which can facilitate the harassment.

In Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment Cases and Hostile Environment