Researchers' Negative Definition of the Kind of Propaganda Used by Various

Researchers' negative definition of the kind of propaganda used by various governments during World War I was ______.

A) "the opinions of various political groups and candidates for political office"
B) "the control of military communication through the use of secret codes"
C) "the use of reliable and truthful information in an honest discussion of national policy"
D) "partisan appeal based on half-truths and devious manipulation of communication channels"
E) "the public's ability to set the agenda of those holding office or other form of power through communication"