A study of Darwin's finches after a long period of drought found that all species of finch on one of the islands had developed wide beaks in order to break open seeds. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is:

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Directional selection occurs when environmental pressures favor one extreme phenotype over others, leading to a shift in the population's trait distribution, such as the development of wide beaks in finches to access seeds during drought.

A Study of Darwin's Finches After a Long Period of Drought