Deck 11: Perceiving Speech and Music

Question 1

Coarticulation is the term used to refer to the influence of one on the acoustic properties of another,due to the articulatory movements required to produce them in sequence.

A)phoneme
B)word
C)syllable

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When the vocal folds vibrate it would indicate a

A)voiced
B)voiceless
C)non-English

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The unit of sound that if changed would change the meaning of a word is a .

A)smallest;morpheme
B)smallest;phoneme
C)largest;phoneme

Answer 3

B

Question 4

______________ is the term that refers to impairments of speech production or speech comprehension (or both).

A)Phonophobia
B)Aphasia
C)Amusia

Question 5

______________ refers to whether the vocal folds vibrate or not.

A)Voicing
B)Articulation
C)Coarticulation

Question 6

The word cat consists of phoneme(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three

Question 7

According to the text,the phoneme transition probability for a word beginning with /kt/ would be

A)0%.
B)between 5% and 10%.
C)100%.

Question 8

The fundamental frequency for adult male vocalizations is in the range of

A)85-180 Hz.
B)______________165-255 Hz.
C)______________300-700 Hz.

Question 9

Different sounds are produced by modifying the shape of the .

A)vowel;oral cavity
B)vowel;pharynx
C)consonant;larynx

Question 10

When the vocal folds do not vibrate it would indicate a consonant.

A)voiced
B)voiceless
C)non-English

Question 11

The part of the vocal apparatus that also known as the vocal cords is called the

A)larynx.
B)vocal folds.
C)pharynx.

Question 12

In the word rhyme the letters h and e

A)each are a different phoneme.
B)do not correspond to any sound.
D)can correspond to several different phonemes.

Question 13

The International Phonetic Alphabet

A)corresponds exactly to the English alphabet of 26 letters and to the characters in the Chinese alphabet.
B)has fewer letters than in the English alphabet,since some English alphabet letters,for example,k and c,can have the same sound.
C)has a distinctive way to write each of the different sounds that have been identified in 7,000 human languages.

Question 14

The fundamental frequency for a child's vocalizations is in the range

A)of 85-180 Hz.
B)of 165-255 Hz.
C)above 300 Hz.

Question 15

The phoneme sequence /zn/ is quite rare in English.Therefore,according to phoneme transition probabilities,the word business /biznis/ should be perceived as word(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three

Question 16

Research has shown that there is a sharp demarcation line for voice onset time between the perception of /ba/ and /pa/,which causes

A)categorical perception.
B)formant discrimination.
C)the McGurk effect.

Question 17

The figure shows the formants for /di/ and /du/.The second formant for /i/ is higher than the second formant for /u/;in spite of that,however,the /d/ sounds the same for both.That phenomenon is referred to as

A)coarticulation.
B)perceptual constancy.
C)articulation.

Question 18

The is the part of the vocal apparatus that is the uppermost part of the throat.

A)larynx
B)vocal folds
C)pharynx

Question 19

The McGurk effect occurs with the perception of speech when the and stimuli conflict,and the perceiver tries to reach some compromise.

A)phonemic;phonetic
B)olfactory;gustatory
C)auditory;visual

Question 20

The part of the vocal apparatus that is also known as the voice box is called the

A)larynx.
B)vocal folds.
C)pharynx.

Question 21

Notes in the C major scale would include C,D,E,F,G,A,B,C,while notes in the C minor scale would include

A)C#,D#,E#,F#,G#,A#,B#,C#.
B)F#,G#,A#,B,C#,D#,E#,F#.
C)E,F#,G#,A,B,C#,D#,E.

Question 22

Plantinga and Trainor (2005)studied infants' perceptions of familiar,unfamiliar,or familiar but transposed melodies.When given a choice,the infants tended to look longer at the speaker playing melody.

A)the familiar
B)the unfamiliar
C)the transposed

Question 23

______________ are two versions of the same melody,containing the same intervals,but starting at different notes.

A)Discords
B)Transpositions
C)Dynamics

Question 24

Compositions in a major key are said to be than compositions in a minor key.

A)more cheerful
B)more serious
C)sadder

Question 25

In Western music,each octave is composed of notes.

A)12
B)13
C)8

Question 26

A magnetoencephalography study of experienced musicians and nonmusicians while they lis- tened to pure tones showed that

A)the patterns of neural activity differed for the two groups.
B)the magnitude of neural activity did not differ across the two groups.
C)while the patterns of neural activity were the same for the two groups,the magnitude of activity was greater for the experienced musicians.

Question 27

Two musical notes that sound unpleasant are

A)consonant.
B)dissonant.
C)semitones.

Question 28

Notes that are exactly one octave apart

A)have the same fundamental frequency.
B)have the same tone chroma.
C)have different tone chromas.

Question 29

Reverberation times of about are considered good for concert halls.

A)2 milliseconds
B)2 seconds
C)1 minute

Question 30

The inability to distinguish one melody from another is called

A)amusia.
B)perfect pitch.
C)aphasia.

Question 31

Krumhansl and Kessler (1982)studied knowledge and the perception of music by presenting chords (e.g. ,C major)that were followed by individual notes that either came from that scale or did not.Participants rated how well the individual note fit with the chord;the results showed that

A)notes that came from the scale were rated higher than notes that did not come from the scale.
B)notes that came from the scale were rated the same as notes that did not come from the scale.
C)notes that did not come from the scale were rated higher than notes that did come from the scale.

Question 32

Compositions in a minor key are said to be than compositions in a major key.

A)happier
B)brighter
C)sadder

Question 33

Generally speaking,large spaces have

A)short reverberation times.
B)long reverberation times.
C)flat surfaces.

Question 34

People who suffer from amusia

A)cannot distinguish one melody from another and have difficulty perceiving speech.
B)cannot distinguish one melody from another,but they have no difficulty perceiving speech.
C)cannot distinguish one melody from another unless it is played extremely loudly.

Question 35

Carl Wernicke described patients with damage to their who showed impairments of speech .

A)left superior temporal cortex;comprehension
B)left superior temporal cortex;production
C)left inferior frontal cortex;comprehension

Question 36

The ventral pathway for speech is involved with speech ,while the dorsal pathway is involved with speech .

A)perception;production
B)production;perception
C)impairments;perception

Question 37

A4 on a piano has a fundamental frequency of 220 Hz and A5 on a piano has a fundamental frequency of

A)110 Hz.
B)330 Hz.
C)440 Hz.

Question 38

About % of the population can accurately name isolated notes (e.g. ,F sharp above middle C).

A)10
B)1
C)19

Question 39

Notes that are exactly one octave apart

A)have the same fundamental frequency.
B)have similar sound qualities.
C)have different sound qualities.

Question 40

Generally speaking,increase the intelligibility of speech.

A)short reverberation times
B)long reverberation times
C)flat surfaces

Question 41

Aphasia is the term that refers to

A)impairments of speech production.
B)impairments of speech comprehension.
C)impairments of speech production or speech comprehension (or both).

Question 42

The smallest unit of sound that if changed would change the meaning of a word is a

A)morpheme.
B)phoneme.
C)diphthong.

Question 43

______________ is the term used to refer to the influence of one phoneme on the acoustic properties of another,due to the articulatory movements required to produce them in sequence.

A)Voicing
B)Articulation
C)Coarticulation

Question 44

The effect occurs with the perception of speech when the auditory and visual stimuli conflict,and the perceiver tries to reach some compromise.

A)McGurk
B)McGwire
C)von Drake

Question 45

What is a formant? Explain how the vocal mechanism creates formants.

Question 46

What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)? What is the benefit of using this alphabet,i.e,for researchers in the field of psycholinguistics?

Question 47

When a new song is released by Taylor Swift (for example),it is almost immediately embraced by her fans.It's new and yet it also sounds very familiar.Disregarding her voice and the par- ticular lyrical content,what factors make a pop song released in the United States sound familiar to your ears? What role does the listener's musical knowledge and experience play in making something new sound familiar?

Question 48

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "A computer could easily be taught to perceive language by programming it to know the phonemes that comprise all words." Explain why you agree or disagree.

Question 49

Different vowel sounds are produced by modifying the shape of the

A)oral cavity.
B)pharynx.
C)larynx.

Question 50

The pathway for speech is involved with speech perception,while the pathway is involved with speech production.

A)dorsal;ventral
B)ventral;dorsal
C)central;peripheral

Question 51

The most fundamental dimension of music is

A)rhythm.
B)pitch.
C)articulation.

Question 52

A neurologist is presented with two patients: one is having difficulty producing speech and the second is having difficulty understanding speech.When the neurologist inspects the MRIs of each patient's brain,where is he (or she)most likely to find lesions?

Question 53

Network television programs are prohibited from broadcasting profanity.However,a network such as Comedy Central might want to censor a word,yet allow viewers to still "hear" the word.This is done by playing the first phoneme of the word and masking the remaining phoneme(s)of the word.Which mask would best allow the word to be perceived through the mask: a coughing sound,or silence? Explain your answer.Would the same mask work as well for all words?

Question 54

Arrange the following phonemes in pairs such that each pair is produced via the same manner of ar- ticulation.State which of each pair is voiced and which is voiceless: /b/ (as in bad),/v/ (as in voice),
/t/ (as in tea),/f/ (as in find),/d/ (as in did),/p/ (as in pet).(Hint: Try making each sound yourself. )

Question 55

Why do C3 and C4,two notes separated by twelve semitones on a keyboard,sound more similar than C3 and B3,two adjacent notes separated by a single semitone?

Question 56

The fundamental frequency for adult female vocalizations is in the range of

A)85-180 Hz.
B)______________165-255 Hz.
C)______________300-700 Hz.

Question 57

In terms of acoustics and perception,how does the experience of listening to music over head- phones differ from that of listening from a seat in a concert hall?

Question 58

The International Phonetic Alphabet

A)is the same as the 26 letters in the English alphabet.
B)has fewer than the 26 letters in the English alphabet,since "s" and "c," for example,can have the same sound.
C)has a distinctive way to write each of the 850 different sounds that have been identified in human languages.

Question 59

In Western music,each octave is composed of notes,with natural tones and______________ sharps and flats.

A)______________12;8;4
B)______________13;8;5
C)______________8;5;3

Question 60

Use musical scales or chords to design a research study investigating whether perception of musical notes is an example of categorical or continuous perception.

Question 61

Two musical notes that sound pleasant together are

A)consonant.
B)dissonant.
C)semitones.

Question 62

People who can accurately name isolated notes (e.g. ,F sharp above middle C)are only about percent of the population and are said to have .

A)10;musical pitch
B)1;perfect pitch
C)1;amusia