Deck 15: Population and Urbanization

Question 1

Farming and agricultural-related work continues to be the dominant way of life in rural areas of the United States.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Immigration to the United States has declined in recent years due to job loss and a period of economic crisis.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In low-income, less-developed nations, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Immigration is the only significant factor affecting population size and growth.

Question 5

Capitalism and innovative technologies are successfully solving the problems of overpopulation.

Question 6

In most areas of the world today, women are having fewer children than they have in the past.

Question 7

Cities undergo economic recovery more quickly than do entire nations.

Question 8

Hispanics accounted for about half the population growth in suburban areas in the 2000s.

Question 9

The majority of new urban growth comes from natural increases in population due to high birth rates and lower death rates.

Question 10

White women have a longer life expectancy than white men; however, African American men have a longer life expectancy than African American women.

Question 11

At birth, the U.S. sex ratio is generally even at 100, indicating that an equal number of males and females is born.

Question 12

is a subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution.

A) Ecology
B) Demography
C) Social psychology
D) Graphology

Question 13

Neo-Malthusians argue that improving the status of women, reducing religious intolerance, and ending racial discrimination are essential to solving the problem of overpopulation and rapid population growth.

Question 14

From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the city is a faceless and alienating place.

Question 15

The conflict perspective on the growth of cities is completely structural in its approach and explanations, focusing on the impact of capitalism.

Question 16

Scholars agree that the demographic transition is an accurate model for describing the process of population growth in nearly all societies.

Question 17

There is a lack of consensus among scholars about the consequences of global population growth.

Question 18

In any given population, fertility will always be higher than fecundity.

Question 19

How large is the world's population today?

A) 6 billion
B) 6.5 billion
C) 7.4 billion
D) 8 billion

Question 20

Today just a few hundred financial institutions and developers finance and construct most major and minor urban development projects around the country.

Question 21

The United Nations defines high-, intermediate-, and low-fertility countries according to the .

A) total fecundity of the population
B) total fertility of the average woman in the population
C) average number of daughters who will live to childbearing age born to each woman
D) level of fecundity minus total fertility

Question 22

The level of fertility in a society is based on biological and social factors, the primary biological factor being the __________.

A) general health and nutrition of women
B) roles available to women in a society
C) prevalent viewpoint regarding what constitutes the "ideal" family size
D) number of women of childbearing age

Question 23

The simplest measure of mortality is the rate.

A) crude death
B) total death
C) death quota
D) refined death

Question 24

In 1900, the leading cause of death in the United States was .

A) kidney disease
B) influenza/pneumonia
C) accidents
D) heart disease

Question 25

In low-income countries, the leading cause of death is .

A) heart disease
B) accidents
C) infectious disease
D) stroke

Question 26

Which of these characteristics is common to the women throughout the world who are having the most children?

A) They live exclusively in poorer countries.
B) They live in urban areas and have little access to birth control.
C) They live in agricultural regions where infant mortality is high.
D) They tend to come from intermediate-level fertility countries.

Question 27

According to the categories defined by the United Nations, the United States is a(n) country.

A) low-fertility
B) intermediate-fertility
C) medium-fertility
D) high-fertility

Question 28

The is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A) total fertility rate
B) crude birth rate
C) age-specific rate
D) nonrefined fertility

Question 29

Eighteen percent of the world's population lives in countries.

A) low-fertility
B) intermediate-fertility
C) nonexistent-fertility
D) high-fertility

Question 30

Which of these is a social factor affecting fertility level?

A) number of women ages 15 to 45
B) availability of affordable contraception
C) attitudes about ideal family size
D) infant mortality

Question 31

The term fecundity refers to the _.

A) number of women between ages 15 and 45 in a population
B) average number of children the women in a population have
C) immigrant population in a given year, plus their new offspring
D) potential number of children born to women who reproduced at biological capacity

Question 32

Demographers use the term for a group of people who live in a specified geographic area and who are under study.

A) society
B) culture
C) country
D) population

Question 33

refers to the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population.

A) Reproduction
B) Fecundity
C) Fertility
D) Fruitfulness

Question 34

In 2015, the leading cause of death in the United States was .

A) cancer
B) chronic lung disease
C) diabetes
D) heart disease

Question 35

is the potential number of children that could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity.

A) Reproduction
B) Fecundity
C) Fertility
D) Fruitfulness

Question 36

countries are those in which women are not having enough children to ensure that on average a daughter will survive to childbearing age.

A) Low-fertility
B) Intermediate-fertility
C) Medium-fertility
D) High-fertility

Question 37

In 2014, the crude birth rate in the United States was a little over , compared with an all-time high rate of 27.0 per 1,000 in 1947 (following World War II).

A) 5 per 1,000
B) 10 per 1,000
C) 13 per 1,000
D) 18 per 1,000

Question 38

The is measured as the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

A) total death rate
B) crude death rate
C) death quota rate
D) refined death rate

Question 39

The primary cause of world population growth in recent years has been .

A) a decline in mortality
B) increased fertility with better nutrition
C) more multiple births globally
D) increasing immigration

Question 40

The primary biological factor determining fertility within a particular society is .

A) number of women ages 15 to 45
B) availability of affordable contraception
C) governmental policy and regulations
D) infant mortality

Question 41

For persons born in the United States in 2014, life expectancy at birth was about .

A) 70 years
B) 75 years
C) 80 years
D) 85 years

Question 42

The refers to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A) underage mortality rate
B) infant mortality rate
C) child death index
D) infant death quotient

Question 43

is an estimate of the average lifetime in years of people born in a specific year.

A) Life expectancy
B) Longevity determination
C) Life prospect
D) Life projection

Question 44

People migrate either voluntarily or involuntarily. Which of these is considered a "push" factor for international migration?

A) a natural disaster
B) a democratic government
C) religious freedom
D) employment opportunities

Question 45

Which of these is considered a "pull" factor for international migration?

A) a natural disaster
B) war
C) religious freedom
D) harsh weather conditions

Question 46

refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area; is the term for the number of people within a given geographic area.

A) Migration; distribution
B) Distribution; density
C) Density; distribution
D) Immigration; distribution

Question 47

Over the past several decades, many people have moved from low-income countries to high-income countries throughout the world. This is an example of .

A) international migration
B) emigration
C) internal migration
D) cross-national migration

Question 48

One measure of population composition is the , which is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population.

A) sex ratio
B) rate of gender composition
C) demographic transition
D) gender gap

Question 49

The is considered an important reflection of a society's level of preventive medical care, maternal nutrition, childbirth procedures, and neonatal care for infants.

A) crude death rate
B) fecundity minus actual fertility rate
C) infant mortality rate
D) life expectancy

Question 50

In the United States, the estimated sex ratio for 2014 was

A) 75.4
B) 82.3
C) 88.6
D) 97.0

Question 51

is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency; is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

A) Distribution; migration
B) Migration; redistribution
C) Immigration; emigration
D) Emigration; immigration

Question 52

Life expectancy varies by sex. Females born in the United States in 2014 could expect to live about years, compared with a life expectancy of for males.

A) 68; 72
B) 78; 75
C) 82; 77
D) 76; 81

Question 53

In 2012, the U.S. infant mortality rate for white infants was

A) 3.0
B) 5.3
C) 7.3
D) 9.4

Question 54

In urbanized areas, may be measured by the number of people who live per room, per block, or per square mile.

A) density
B) migration
C) distribution
D) emigration

Question 55

The distribution of a population has a direct bearing on the demand for schooling, health, employment, housing, and pensions.

A) sex
B) age
C) race
D) income

Question 56

The African slave trade to the Americas is the most striking example of .

A) external migration
B) involuntary migration
C) internal migration
D) voluntary migration

Question 57

is the number of people living in a specific geographic area.

A) Distribution
B) Migration
C) Emigration
D) Density

Question 58

is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency. It affects the size and distribution of the population in a given area.

A) Immigration
B) Distribution
C) Migration
D) Emigration

Question 59

In the United States, after the Civil War, thousands of African Americans moved from the South to the North. This is an example of .

A) international migration
B) emigration
C) internal migration
D) cross-national migration

Question 60

In 2012, the U.S. infant mortality rate for African American infants was

A) 7.2
B) 12.4
C) 13.8
D) 19.8

Question 61

suggests that migration may be fostered by groups, such as humanitarian aid organizations relocating refugees or smugglers bringing people into a country illegally, and that the actions of these groups may produce a larger stream of migrants than would otherwise be the case.

A) Network theory
B) Institutional theory
C) World systems theory
D) Neoclassical economic theory

Question 62

During the demographic transition stage of , birth rates continue to decline as more women gain full- time employment and the cost of raising children continues to increase. The population grows very slowly, if at all, because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.

A) postindustrialization
B) early industrialization
C) advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) preindustrial societies

Question 63

Malthus argued that, if left unchecked, the earth's population would exceed the .

A) technological ability to increase the food supply
B) available food supply
C) overall ecological balance
D) earth's water supply

Question 64

For economist Thomas Malthus, is the only acceptable preventive check on population.

A) contraception
B) moral restraint
C) famine
D) disease

Question 65

English economist , one of the first scholars to systematically study the effects of population, argued that "the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence (food) for man."

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) Karl Marx
D) Thomas Malthus

Question 66

During the demographic transition stage of , very little population growth occurs because both birth rates and death rates are low.

A) agriculturalism
B) early industrialization
C) advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) preindustrial societies

Question 67

Once a flow of international migration has begun, the pattern may continue because immigrants have personal ties with relatives and friends who are potential migrants to the new country. This is the essence of .

A) world systems theory
B) institutional theory
C) neoclassical economic theory
D) network theory

Question 68

During the demographic transition stage of , significant population growth occurs because birth rates are relatively high whereas death rates decline due to improvements in health, sanitation, and nutrition.

A) postindustrialization
B) early industrialization
C) advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) preindustrial societies

Question 69

A conflict perspective on migration, the suggests that immigrants from low-income countries are often recruited for secondary labor market positions in other countries. Workers from high-income countries are recruited for primary-sector employment.

A) network theory
B) institutional theory
C) world systems theory
D) split-labor-market theory

Question 70

According to the perspective, overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems, ranging from global warming and rain-forest destruction to famine and vulnerability to epidemics.

A) Malthusian
B) neo-Malthusian
C) Marxist
D) demographic transition

Question 71

Several major theories have been developed in an attempt to explain international migration. The assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor.

A) Marxist perspective
B) neoclassical economic approach
C) demographic transition
D) split-labor-market theory

Question 72

The enduring significant contribution of Marx and Engels to the study of demography is the suggestion that _.

A) poverty, more than overpopulation, is the central issue relating to food supply in a capitalist country
B) the population grows exponentially while the food supply growths arithmetically, creating overpopulation
C) population would eventually be checked by natural and human-caused disasters
D) advanced technology should be used to produce food, not profits

Question 73

A population pyramid that is actually pyramidal in shape is likely to pertain to a(n) .

A) high-income country
B) low-fertility country
C) high-fertility country
D) intermediate-fertility country

Question 74

During the demographic transition stage of , little population growth occurs because high birth rates are offset by high death rates.

A) postindustrialization
B) early industrialization
C) advanced industrialization and urbanization
D) preindustrial societies

Question 75

According to some contemporary economists using a Marxist perspective, the greatest crisis today facing low- income nations is , not a food shortage.

A) natural disaster
B) war
C) lack of contraception
D) capital shortage

Question 76

refers to one explanation of the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development.

A) Zero population growth
B) Population lag
C) Demographic transition
D) Cultural lag

Question 77

suggests that as the natural resources, land, and workforce in low-income countries with little or no industrialization have come under the influence of international markets, there has been a corresponding flow of migrants from those nations to the highly industrialized, high-income countries.

A) World systems theory
B) Split-labor-market theory
C) Network theory
D) Institutional theory

Question 78

The most commonly used graphic depiction of the age/sex distribution of a population is called a(n) .

A) demographic diagram
B) socio-ecological snapshot
C) population pyramid
D) actuarial graph

Question 79

Neo-Malthusians refer to as the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants.

A) population lag
B) zero population growth
C) the transitional point
D) the demographic transition

Question 80

English economist Thomas Malthus argued that the population would increase in a geometric (exponential) progression whereas the food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression; thus, a occurs.

A) doubling effect
B) negative check
C) preventive check
D) limit to growth