Deck 10: Crustal Deformation

Question 1

A ________ is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.

A)syncline
B)monocline
C)dome
D)basin

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault?

A)A reverse fault is the result of compression, and a thrust fault is the result of tension.
B)A reverse fault lengthens the crust, whereas a thrust fault shortens the crust.
C)A thrust fault has a fault angle of less than 45°, whereas the angle of a reverse fault is greater.
D)Reverse faults are associated with convergent boundaries, and thrust faults are associated with transform boundaries

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A(n)________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal, giving it the appearance of lying on its side.

A)recumbent
B)overturned
C)plunging
D)inverted

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A ________ fault is created when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

A)strike-slip
B)normal
C)reverse
D)graben

Question 5

What is a fault?

A)A fracture in a rock along which motion has occurred
B)A stress fracture created by rocks stretching and pulling apart near the surface
C)A solution pathway created by carbonic acid
D)Foliation in a rock that acts as a plane of weakness

Question 6

Which tectonic boundary would have many normal faults associated with it?

A)Convergent
B)Divergent
C)Transform

Question 7

A rubber band being stretched in preparation to fire across the room is an example of what kind of deformation?

A)Brittle deformation
B)Ductile deformation
C)Elastic deformation
D)Shear deformation

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of brittle deformation?

A)Squeezing a rubber ball and seeing it bounce back
B)Denting the fender of a car
C)Throwing a hammer through a glass windowpane
D)Pressing on a spring and seeing it rebound

Question 9

Which of the following rocks would be more likely to experience brittle deformation rather than ductile deformation when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength?

A)Rock salt
B)Sandstone
C)Schist
D)Quartzite

Question 10

How will compressional force change a rock body?

A)Stretch and thin the rock.
B)Fracture the rock and grind the pieces alongside each other.
C)Shorten and thicken the rock.
D)The rock will not change.

Question 11

Faults form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.

A)low-; low-
B)high-; high-
C)high-; low-
D)low-; high-

Question 12

Folds form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.

A)low-; low-
B)high-; high-
C)high-; low-
D)low-; high-

Question 13

Which of the following is the best description for structural geology?

A)Study of intergrown mineral crystals in igneous rocks
B)Study of sequences of sedimentary rocks and how their environments of deposition dictate how sediments are laid down
C)Study of earthquakes and how they move through Earth's interior
D)Study of rock deformation in response to tectonic forces

Question 14

Which tectonic boundary is associated with compressional stress?

A)Convergent
B)Divergent
C)Transform
D)Dip-slip

Question 15

What is the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline?

A)The layers will close to a point in the direction of plunge.
B)The layers will be oriented parallel to each other.
C)The layers will intersect at right angles.
D)The layers will open up in the direction of plunge.

Question 16

Unbending a paper clip wire is an example of what kind of deformation?

A)Brittle deformation
B)Ductile deformation
C)Elastic deformation
D)Shear deformation

Question 17

How will tensional force change a rock body?

A)Stretch and thin the rock.
B)Fracture the rock and grind the pieces alongside each other.
C)Shorten and thicken the rock.
D)The rock will not change.

Question 18

How many hinge lines does a monocline have?

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 19

________ refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress.

A)Stress
B)Deformation
C)Compression
D)Brittle failure

Question 20

You are sitting in class when your professor begins talking about a dome with the inner layers dating back to the Tertiary and its outer layers dating back to the Permian.You immediately know this professor is wrong.What is your evidence?

A)Domes don't have layers.
B)Domes have the oldest layers in the middle, not the youngest.
C)Now that we know the age of the layers, we would call it a syncline.
D)Domes didn't exist back then.

Question 21

Which tectonic boundary would have many thrust faults associated with it?

A)Convergent
B)Divergent
C)Transform

Question 22

How will strike and dip marks be oriented on the geologic map of a nonplunging syncline?

A)Parallel dips with strikes pointing away from the center of the fold
B)Strikes ringing the fold with the dips pointing toward the center
C)Strikes intersecting, but no dips because of horizontal layering
D)Parallel strikes with dips pointing toward from the center of the fold

Question 23

What are slickensides?

A)Joints made as an igneous rock cools and contracts
B)Fractures made in a rock as a result of tensional stress
C)Folded rocks along a convergent boundary
D)Polished and striated surfaces made on fault blocks

Question 24

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the topography of a region and the underlying structural geology?

A)Upfolds in the rock will make mountains and downfolds will make valleys.
B)Downfolds in the rock will make mountains and upfolds will make valleys.
C)There is no relationship between structures and topography.

Question 25

How do joints form in tectonic environments?

A)Rocks near the surface are stretched and pulled apart.
B)Hot rocks cool and contract.
C)Water dissolves rock along fractures.
D)Rock fractures through heating.

Question 26

Fault-block mountains are created due to ________ faults.

A)reverse
B)strike-slip
C)thrust
D)normal

Question 27

A ________ fault has a vertical fault plane and shows movement parallel to the orientation of the fault.

A)reverse
B)strike-slip
C)thrust
D)normal

Question 28

Mountain ranges such as the Appalachians and the Himalayas are examples of mountains that formed as a result of ________ faulting.

A)thrust
B)normal
C)strike-slip
D)transform

Question 29

Which of the following are examples of fault-block mountains?

A)Himalayas
B)Rocky Mountains
C)Basin and Range
D)Alps

Question 30

Which type of fault was responsible for the devastation associated with the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco?

A)Transform
B)Normal
C)Reverse
D)Thrust

Question 31

Faults that exhibit both dip-slip and strike-slip movement are called ________ faults.

A)thrust
B)horst
C)normal
D)oblique-slip

Question 32

You are a seismologist and are driving out to a location where a fault has recently shifted.When you arrive at the location, you see that the road you are driving on was constructed across the fault line.Because of slippage along the fault, the road ahead has been shifted to the left by 20 feet.What kind of fault is present?

A)Left-lateral strike-slip
B)Right-lateral strike-slip
C)Thrust
D)Normal

Question 33

Which of the following best describes the age relationship of the layers in an anticline?

A)Oldest on the outside of the fold, youngest on the inside
B)Oldest on the inside of the fold, youngest on the outside
C)Oldest materials thrust up on top of younger layers
D)Horizontal bedding with the youngest layers on the top

Question 34

Which of the following scenarios would best indicate that a thrust fault is present at a location?

A)The hanging wall of the fault has slipped down.
B)Two parts of the same rock have been horizontally displaced by 20 feet.
C)Cambrian-aged rocks have been shoved on top of Jurassic-aged rocks.
D)The crust has lengthened, allowing a graben to slip down and create a pull-apart basin.

Question 35

________ is the compass direction of the line produced by the intersection of an inclined rock layer with a horizontal plane.

A)Dip
B)Angle
C)Strike
D)Plunge

Question 36

What is the difference between faults and joints?

A)Joints are the result of compression, whereas faults are the result of tension.
B)Joints are the result of earthquakes, and faults are the result of weathering.
C)Joints form in place, whereas faults form because rock has moved.
D)Joints form from external stress, and faults form from cooling.

Question 37

How will rock salt likely respond when put under stress?

A)It will fault
B)It will bend or flow
C)It will dissolve
D)It will fragment

Question 38

Detachment faults are low-angle ________ faults.

A)thrust
B)normal
C)reverse
D)strike-slip

Question 39

Some of the most destructive earthquakes, such as the Haitian earthquake of 2010, occur along ________ faults.

A)reverse
B)strike-slip
C)thrust
D)normal

Question 40

________ is the angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit measured from a horizontal plane.

A)Dip
B)Faulting
C)Strike
D)Plunge

Question 41

Explain how stress is different from strain.

Question 42

Explain the difference in orientation between a nonplunging anticline and a plunging anticline.

Question 43

Despite not seeing the severe tectonic forces of the Rocky Mountains, the interior states of Illinois and Michigan have basins (the Illinois and Michigan basins).However, these basins formed in a different way.Explain how the Illinois and Michigan basins formed without significant tectonic influence.

Question 44

Shear stress is a type of confining pressure.

Question 45

Over the course of the last couple of centuries, major businesses all over the world have spent a great deal of time and money searching for and studying structural geologic features in order to find deposits of petroleum.How would these structures trap the substances these companies are interested in?

Question 46

Movements along normal faults can produce alternating upthrown and down-dropped fault blocks.What are the names associated with these blocks, respectively?

A)Synclines and anticlines
B)Domes and basins
C)Horsts and grabens
D)Left-lateral and right-lateral

Question 47

Some strike-slip faults are big enough to accommodate movement between two tectonic plates.

Question 48

Joints are fractures in a rock created by tension and will demonstrate significant displacement.

Question 49

Compare and contrast thrust faults and reverse faults.

Question 50

Shearing produced fault zones in the deep crust and folding in the upper crust.

Question 51

Strained geologic materials lose their original configuration during deformation.

Question 52

The Appalachian Mountains were formed when the North American continent collided with Africa to form the supercontinent Pangaea over 250 million years ago.What kind of tectonic boundary existed here? What sort of structural features would you expect to find in this region?

Question 53

What are the four factors that influence rock strength? Describe how they will affect the rock when it is under stress.

Question 54

Compare rock deformation in near surface environments to that deep within Earth's crust.Which deformation style will be more common in each location?

Question 55

Dip will always be 90° away from strike.

Question 56

The Basin and Range province is an extensional region in the American Southwest characterized by roughly parallel mountains ranges separated by broad, flat-bottomed valleys.What sort of structural features would you expect to find in this region?

Question 57

Rocks subjected to heat will be more likely to go through brittle deformation when stressed.

Question 58

A syncline is a downfold in rock where the youngest layers are in the middle of the fold and the youngest are on the outside.

Question 59

Explain the role that confining pressure has on rock strength and how the rock deforms under pressure.

Question 60

Although the Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachians is characterized by intensely folded rock, it is not the structures themselves that are resulting in the ridges and valleys.What rocks make up the Valley and Ridge province, which ones make each landform (ridges or valleys), and why?

Question 61

What kind of geologic structure is present?

A)Syncline
B)Basin
C)Anticline
D)Dome

Question 62

What feature, evidence of dip-slip activity, is shown in this image?

A)Anticline
B)Slickensides
C)Fault scarp
D)Joints

Question 63

What kind of geologic structure is present?

A)Syncline
B)Basin
C)Anticline
D)Dome

Question 64

What kind of stress is deforming this block?

A)Shear
B)Compression
C)Tension

Question 65

What kind of fault is present in this image?

A)Normal fault
B)Reverse fault
C)Left-lateral strike-slip fault
D)Right-lateral strike-slip fault

Question 66

What kind of stress is deforming this block?

A)Shear
B)Compression
C)Tension