Question 1

A ________ is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.

Accepted Answer

A basin is a circular fold where the youngest layers are in the middle and the oldest layers are on the outside.

Question 2

What is the difference between a reverse fault and a thrust fault?

Accepted Answer

A thrust fault is a type of reverse fault but with a gentler angle, typically less than 45 degrees, indicating it also results from compressional forces but with a different orientation.

Question 3

A(n)________ fold has limbs that are tilted beyond the vertical to the point that the axial plane is horizontal, giving it the appearance of lying on its side.

Accepted Answer

A recumbent fold is characterized by its limbs being tilted so far beyond the vertical that the axial plane is horizontal, which gives it the appearance of lying on its side. Overturned, plunging, and inverted folds do not have this same characteristic.

Question 4

A ________ fault is created when the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall.

Accepted Answer

A reverse fault is sometimes called a thrust fault and is characterized by the hanging wall moving up relative to the footwall. This type of fault is associated with compressional forces in the earth's crust. Strike-slip faults involve horizontal movement while normal faults involve the hanging wall moving down relative to the footwall. A graben is a type of fault associated with elongated valleys and down-dropped blocks of crust.

Question 5

What is a fault?

Accepted Answer

A fault is a fracture in the rock along which motion has occurred. This can result from tectonic forces or movement along a fault plane.

Question 6

Which tectonic boundary would have many normal faults associated with it?

Accepted Answer

Divergent boundaries are where two tectonic plates move away from each other, leading to the formation of normal faults as the crust extends and thins.

Question 7

A rubber band being stretched in preparation to fire across the room is an example of what kind of deformation?

Accepted Answer

The rubber band being stretched is an example of elastic deformation because it is able to return to its original shape after the force stretching it is removed.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of brittle deformation?

Accepted Answer

Brittle deformation is defined as the process of fracture or breaking without significant plastic deformation. The act of throwing a hammer through a glass windowpane is an example of brittle deformation as the glass shatters and breaks without any noticeable plastic deformation.

Question 9

Which of the following rocks would be more likely to experience brittle deformation rather than ductile deformation when subjected to stresses that exceed their strength?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following rocks would be...

Question 10

How will compressional force change a rock body?

Accepted Answer

Compressional force will cause the rock to shorten and thicken, as the pressure causes the grains in the rock to be pushed closer together.

Question 11

Faults form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Faults form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.
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Question 12

Folds form in ________ temperature-________ pressure environments.

Accepted Answer

Folds typically form in high-temperature, high-pressure environments, where rocks are more ductile and can bend without breaking.

Question 13

Which of the following is the best description for structural geology?

Accepted Answer

Structural geology is the study of rock deformation in response to tectonic forces.

Question 14

Which tectonic boundary is associated with compressional stress?

Accepted Answer

Convergent boundaries occur when two tectonic plates move towards each other and collide, resulting in compression and the formation of mountain ranges. This type of boundary is associated with compressional stress.

Question 15

What is the outcrop pattern of a plunging syncline?

Accepted Answer

In a plunging syncline, the layers of rock will curve downwards and converge towards a point in the direction of the dip or plunge. This means that the layers will open up in the direction of plunge, creating a V-shape or fan shape when viewed in outcrop. Therefore, D is the best choice.

Question 16

Unbending a paper clip wire is an example of what kind of deformation?

Accepted Answer

Unbending a paper clip wire is an example of ductile deformation, which occurs when a material is able to undergo significant deformation without breaking, typically through stretching or bending.

Question 17

How will tensional force change a rock body?

Accepted Answer

Tensional force pulls a rock in opposite directions, causing it to stretch and thin out. This eventually leads to the formation of fractures and cracks within the rock.

Question 18

How many hinge lines does a monocline have?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How many hinge lines does a monocline...

Question 19

________ refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress.

Accepted Answer

Deformation refers to the changes in shape or position of a rock body in response to differential stress. Stress refers to the force applied to a rock, while compression is a specific type of stress that occurs when a rock is squeezed or shortened. Brittle failure refers to the breaking or fracturing of a rock body, not its deformation.

Question 20

You are sitting in class when your professor begins talking about a dome with the inner layers dating back to the Tertiary and its outer layers dating back to the Permian.You immediately know this professor is wrong.What is your evidence?

Accepted Answer

Domes have their oldest layers in the center due to the pressure and folding of rock layers to create the uplifted dome shape. The outer layers would be younger, as they were deposited on top of the older layers. Therefore, the professor's statement is incorrect.

Quiz 10: Crustal Deformation