Deck 2: Pharmacokinetics: How the Body Handles Drugs

Question 1

The following are disadvantages of drug administration by injection EXCEPT:

A) There is little time to correct an unexpected drug reaction or accidental overdose.
B) Once a drug is injected,it cannot be removed from the body as can with an orally administered drug.
C) Drug injection requires that sterile procedures are used otherwise infection may be introduced into the body.
D) This method of drug administration is slower and the response may be unpredictable.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The study of the movement of drugs through the body over time is termed:

A) pharmacology.
B) physiology.
C) pharmacodynamics.
D) pharmacokinetics.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A drug that can pass rapidly and easily through the capillary wall surrounding the brain must be:

A) highly water soluble.
B) highly lipid soluble.
C) either highly water soluble or highly lipid soluble.
D) neither highly water soluble nor highly lipid soluble.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

"Metabolism" of a drug refers to the process of:

A) absorption.
B) distribution.
C) detoxification.
D) elimination.

Question 5

Rectal drug administration may be used in place of oral drug administration to avoid:

A) absorption into bloodstream.
B) irritation to mucous membranes.
C) too rapid drug absorption.
D) nausea/vomiting.

Question 6

With the exception of the mode employed with some gas anesthetics,the fastest mode of drug administration is:

A) inhalation.
B) intramuscular injection.
C) subcutaneous injection.
D) intravenous injection.

Question 7

Enzymes that degrade a drug in the gastrointestinal tract and liver decrease the amount of drug that reaches the circulation by a mechanism known as:

A) enzymatic degradation.
B) gastroenteritis.
C) drug tolerance.
D) first-pass metabolism.

Question 8

"Enteral" drug administration involves:

A) parental routes of administration.
B) inhalation.
C) injection.
D) swallowing.

Question 9

All of the following drug attributes decrease the likelihood of drug absorption EXCEPT:

A) high water-solubility.
B) low lipid-solubility.
C) large size.
D) small size.

Question 10

One substance capable of inhibiting enzymatic degradation in the liver and gastrointestinal tract is:

A) SSRI-type antidepressants.
B) grapefruit juice.
C) carbamazepine (Tegretol).
D) cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Question 11

The main difference between the two anti-anxiety drugs,lorazepam (Ativan)and triazolam (Halcion),can best be described as:

A) psychological.
B) pharmacodynamic.
C) homeostatic.
D) pharmacokinetic.

Question 12

The most dangerous mode of drug administration is:

A) inhalation.
B) intramuscular injection.
C) subcutaneous injection.
D) intravenous injection.

Question 13

The quantity of drug that reaches its target is determined by its:

A) absorption.
B) distribution and metabolism.
C) metabolism and elimination.
D) absorption,distribution,and metabolism.

Question 14

In its simplest form,"pharmacokinetics" describes a drug's:

A) strength.
B) time course.
C) main effects.
D) toxicity levels.

Question 15

Drawback(s)to intravenous injection,as opposed to other forms of administration,of drugs include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) a constant danger of allergic reaction and/or respiratory collapse.
B) the greatest risk of blood clots.
C) the greatest risk of infection.
D) an increased risk of unpredictable absorption.

Question 16

Drugs administered "sublingually" (under the tongue)and drugs administered orally are absorbed mostly in the _____ and _______,respectively.

A) stomach; small intestine
B) small intestine; large intestine
C) mouth; stomach
D) mouth; small intestine

Question 17

The main advantage of administering a drug through "transdermal patches" is:

A) lack of irritation to tissue.
B) speed of onset of drug action.
C) ability to avoid absorption into bloodstream.
D) relative constancy of drug levels in plasma.

Question 18

The term kinetics implies _____ and time.

A) place
B) direction
C) space
D) movement

Question 19

What are the two main differences between capillaries in the periphery and capillaries surrounding the brain?

A) Capillaries surrounding the brain have no pores and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
B) Capillaries surrounding the brain have pores and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
C) Capillaries surrounding the brain have no pores and are not surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
D) Capillaries surrounding the brain have pores and are not surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.

Question 20

When administered by injection and inhalation,drugs enter the _____ and _____ side of the heart,respectively.

A) right; right
B) right; left
C) left; right
D) left; left

Question 21

"Biotransformation" is carried out by the following organ: _____.It usually involves making a drug _____ water soluble.The increased ability of this organ to carry out biotransformation after repeated exposure to a drug is termed _____ tolerance.The increased ability of this organ to biotransform drugs other than the one administered previously is termed _____.

A) small intestine; more; metabolic; cross-tolerance
B) kidneys; less; metabolic; cellular-adaptive
C) liver; less; pharmacodynamic; cross-tolerance
D) liver; more; metabolic; cross-tolerance

Question 22

The cytochrome P450 enzyme family in a hepatocyte:

A) is typically capable of metabolizing one,and only one,drug.
B) is typically capable of metabolizing one,and sometimes two,drugs.
C) cannot,without the help of additional enzymes,metabolize a drug.
D) is typically capable of metabolizing a wide variety of drugs.

Question 23

Large molecules,such as glucose and vitamins,reach the brain via:

A) passive diffusion across the cell membrane.
B) passive diffusion through ion channels.
C) transcytosis.
D) special transport systems.

Question 24

Biotransformation is carried out by the following organ:

A) liver.
B) small intestine.
C) kidneys.
D) brain.

Question 25

Drug cross the placental barrier via _____ with ______ soluble drugs crossing more readily.

A) active transport; water
B) active transport; fat
C) passive diffusion; water
D) passive diffusion; fat

Question 26

The time for the plasma level of a drug to fall by 50 percent is termed the:

A) distribution half-life.
B) time course.
C) "drug hangover."
D) elimination half-life.

Question 27

"Biotransformation" is carried out by the _____ and usually makes a drug _____.

A) kidneys; more fat soluble
B) kidneys; more water soluble
C) liver; more fat soluble
D) liver; more water soluble

Question 28

Most of the products of body metabolism are excreted by the:

A) liver.
B) kidneys.
C) intestines.
D) skin.

Question 29

Iron is a large molecule reaching the brain by:

A) passive diffusion across the cell membrane.
B) passive diffusion through ion channels.
C) transcytosis.
D) special transport systems.

Question 30

Penicillin cannot be used to treat infections located in the central nervous system because:

A) it is destroyed by enzymes in the brain and spinal cord.
B) it cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier.
C) it is too highly lipid soluble.
D) it is too large a molecule to fit though pores surrounding brain cells.

Question 31

Which of the following statements regarding biotransformation is TRUE?

A) Every drug is metabolized by a unique enzyme found in hepatocytes.
B) Hundreds of enzyme families are involved in drug biotransformation.
C) A few enzyme families are involved in drug biotransformation.
D) One enzyme family carries out all drug biotransformation.

Question 32

The membranes that separate fetal blood from maternal blood:

A) resemble other cell membranes in their general permeability.
B) are unique in their permeability.
C) are impermeable to drugs in maternal blood.
D) are impermeable to lipid-soluble substances.

Question 33

A drug is,for all intents and purposes,completely eliminated from the body in:

A) one half-life.
B) two half-lives.
C) four half-lives.
D) six half-lives.

Question 34

Dave has a particularly efficient CYP2D6 enzyme system in his liver.Based on this information one would predict that he would:

A) be efficient at metabolizing most psychoactive medications.
B) be efficient at metabolizing some psychoactive medications more than others.
C) not be particularly efficient at metabolizing psychoactive medications.
D) have trouble with the biotranformation of many drugs.

Question 35

All of the following are considered secondary paths for drug elimination EXCEPT:

A) bile.
B) sweat.
C) urine.
D) saliva.

Question 36

Jerri is being hired by a large multinational company.They are likely to request a sample of ______ to test for drug use because it is a convenient means of detecting drug metabolites.

A) hair
B) skin
C) saliva
D) urine

Question 37

The majority of drugs leave the body in:

A) bile.
B) exhalation.
C) sweat.
D) urine.

Question 38

Which of the following factors has the potential to determin how someone will metabolize a drug?

A) genetic
B) environmental
C) cultural
D) experiential

Question 39

The presence of the placental barrier means that drugs will be _____ in concentration when compared to concentrations in the maternal bloodstream.

A) lower
B) higher
C) similar
D) wildly different

Question 40

The membranes that separate fetal blood from maternal blood are:

A) highly permeable to psychoactive drugs.
B) unique in their permeability.
C) impermeable to psychoactive drugs.
D) impermeable to water-soluble substances.

Question 41

The increased ability of the liver to carry out "biotransformation" after prolonged exposure to a drug is termed _____ tolerance.

A) pharmacodynamic
B) metabolic
C) enzyme-induction
D) drug-metabolizing

Question 42

The time to reach "steady-state" concentrations of a drug (the level of drug achieved in blood with repeated,regular-interval dosing)is:

A) dependent upon the actual dosage of drug.
B) achieved when the amount of drug administered per unit time equals the amount eliminated per unit time.
C) independent of dose interval and half-life.
D) reached after one elimination half-life.

Question 43

Once a person becomes physically dependent upon a drug:

A) the person needs to take the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
B) the person will no longer be physically dependent as soon as drug administration is terminated.
C) after stopping drug administration,the person will still be physically dependent but will no longer experience the "abstinence syndrome."
D) the person will be physically dependent until they come to terms with their "bad" behavior.

Question 44

The reduction in the number or sensitivity of receptors in response to prolonged activation by a drug is termed:

A) down regulation.
B) metabolic tolerance.
C) homeostasis.
D) physical dependence.

Question 45

Drugs that are administered into skeletal muscle are absorbed slowly.

Question 46

A drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through mucous membranes.

Question 47

Drugs administered orally may be destroyed by stomach acid thus requiring that they be administered by injection.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Physical dependence only occurs with illicit drugs such as heroin.
B) Withdrawal signs are only seen with addictive behavior.
C) There is a strong link between physical dependence and addiction.
D) Withdrawal may be observed after discontinuation of numerous drugs.

Question 49

There are three general routes of drug administration.

Question 50

A drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through intestinal membranes.

Question 51

Grapefruit juice increases the absorption of certain drugs.

Question 52

Drugs may have three names consisting of the structural,generic,and trade names.

Question 53

"Pharmacodynamic" tolerance occurs in the _____; "metabolic" tolerance occurs in the _____.

A) small intestine; mitochondria
B) synapse/neuron; mitochondria
C) small intestine; liver
D) synapse/neuron; liver

Question 54

The time to reach "steady-state" concentrations of a drug (the level of drug achieved in blood with repeated,regular-interval dosing)is:

A) dependent upon the actual dosage of drug.
B) achieved when the amount of drug administered per unit time is approximately six times the amount eliminated per unit time.
C) achieved in approximately six times the drug's elimination half-life.
D) reached after one elimination half-life.

Question 55

Drugs administered via inhalation may produce a faster onset of effects than drugs that are injected into a vein.

Question 56

The ability of receptors in the brain to adapt to the continued presence of a drug is termed:

A) pharmacokinetic tolerance.
B) pharmacodynamic tolerance.
C) metabolic tolerance.
D) physical dependence.

Question 57

The ability of liver enzymes to degrade a drug more efficiently in the continued presence of the drug is termed:

A) down regulation.
B) metabolic tolerance.
C) homeostasis.
D) physical dependence.

Question 58

At the most basic level,pharmacokinetics involves drug absorption.

Question 59

Pharmacokinetics involves the study of drug movement over time.

Question 60

During the process of behavioral drug tolerance,after repeated,frequent use of a drug in the same environment:

A) environmental cues come to elicit conditioned responses that oppose the direct effects of the drug.
B) environmental cues come to elicit conditioned responses that closely resemble the direct effects of the drug.
C) one becomes "sensitized," or more sensitive,to the drug's effects.
D) environmental cues that used to elicit conditioned responses that oppose the direct effects of the drug no longer do so.

Question 61

Enteral routes of drug administration involves:

A) inhalation.
B) the gastrointestinal (GI)tract.
C) snorting or sniffing the drug.
D) injection into a vein.

Question 62

Rectal drug administration is preferred if a patient is:

A) hyperactive.
B) vomiting.
C) aggressive.
D) anxious.

Question 63

Oral drug administration:

A) involves passive diffusion.
B) requires drug movement across the stomach wall.
C) means that a drug is absorbed within 30 minutes.
D) may be affected by the presence of orange juice.

Question 64

All lipid-soluble drugs pass through capillary walls.

Question 65

When two drugs are present in the liver,one drug has the potential to either increase or decrease the rate of metabolism of the other.

Question 66

The _____ name of a drug is unique in the sense that it is given this name by the original patent holder that developed the drug.

A) structural
B) generic
C) legal
D) trade

Question 67

An important risk of intravenous drug injection is that:

A) the drug effect may be delayed by first pass metabolism.
B) there may be an adverse reaction and there is little one can do after the drug is in the body.
C) it is difficult to adequately control the dose a patient receives.
D) there may be severe pain in the area where the drug was injected.

Question 68

The placental barrier:

A) is effective at limiting absorption of fat soluble substances that may be harmful to the developing fetus.
B) involves an active transport mechanism for drugs into the fetal blood stream.
C) cuts the drug dose by half in the fetus.
D) is no barrier at all-the fetus will have a similar blood concentration as the mother.

Question 69

As a drug is metabolized,the absolute amount of drug metabolized within each half-life is constant.

Question 70

Inhalation:

A) is the slowest route of drug administration.
B) is subject to first pass metabolism.
C) is one of the fastest routes of drug administration.
D) may be slower in onset when compared to a drug injected into the muscle.

Question 71

Sublingual drug administration involves:

A) sniffing or snorting a drug.
B) placing a patch containing the drug on the arm.
C) injecting the drug into a vein.
D) placing the drug under the tongue.

Question 72

A small drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through peripheral capillaries.

Question 73

Drugs tightly bound to the plasma protein albumin readily exit the bloodstream along with albumin through capillary pores.

Question 74

A drug must be highly lipid-soluble to pass through capillaries surrounding the brain.

Question 75

Pharmacokinetics involves all of the following EXCEPT:

A) drug absorption.
B) distribution of a drug.
C) metabolism of a drug.
D) drug tolerance.

Question 76

The rate of blood flow through tissue affects drug distribution.

Question 77

A drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through the astrocyte-formed sheath surrounding the brain.

Question 78

The blood brain barrier involves:

A) smaller pores that are present in brain capillaries when compared to peripheral capillaries.
B) getting a drug to pass through the wall of the capillary and the neuronal membrane.
C) a drug passing through the wall of the capillary and the astrocyte membrane.
D) the immune system recognizing foreign substances in the brain and eliminating them.

Question 79

Pharmacokinetics is about drug ______ and _____.

A) distribution; tolerance
B) absorption; effect magnitude
C) movement; time
D) half-life; dosage

Question 80

It takes the same amount of time for the blood levels of a drug to fall from 100 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml as it does to fall from 2 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml.