Deck 16: Social Identity, Personality, and Gender

Question 1

Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness,which may be defined as:

A)the ability to assume social roles.
B)the ability to identify oneself as an object,to react and appraise oneself.
C)the process by which the self adapts to a particular environment.
D)the process by which an individual identifies right and wrong.
E)the belief that one has lived a previous life.

Answer 1

the ability to identify oneself as an object,to react and appraise oneself.

Question 2

An individual's personality is all of the following except:

A)a product of enculturation.
B)influenced by an individual's genetic makeup.
C)a kind of cognitive map functioning throughout an individual's lifetime.
D)an integrated,dynamic system of perceptual assemblages,which includes the self and its behavioral environment,that develops over time.
E)is never part of the internalized awareness of the person.

Answer 2

is never part of the internalized awareness of the person.

Question 3

In studying three societies in New Guinea,Margaret Mead found that the roles played by men and women were determined primarily by:

A)biological inheritance.
B)culture.
C)animism.
D)psychology.
E)society.

Answer 3

culture.

Question 4

All of the following statements about the naming ceremony are true except:

A)personal names create a sense of individual identity.
B)through naming,the social group acknowledges the child's birthright.
C)names express multiple aspects of the group identity as well.
D)naming creates social identity.
E)all cultures have some ceremony to mark the naming of a child.

Question 5

Navajo babies begin to learn the importance of community at the:

A)Baptism Ritual.
B)Corn Goddess Ceremony.
C)Sadhu Ritual.
D)First Laugh Ceremony.
E)Walkabout Ceremony.

Question 6

The__________________do not consider an infant truly "human" until they have given it a name.

A)Icelanders
B)Aymara Indians
C)Hopi Indians
D)Netsilik Inuit
E)Iroquois Indians

Question 7

Which of the following anthropologists argued that cultures are collective projections of a personality type?

A)Franz Boas
B)John Locke
C)Ruth Benedict
D)Margaret Mead
E)Clifford Geertz

Question 8

Which orientation includes standards that indicate what ranges of behavior are acceptable for males and females in a particular society?

A)Spatial orientation
B)Temporal orientation
C)Normative orientation
D)Object orientation
E)Gender orientation

Question 9

Living in a tropical environment where one learns to orient oneself through a vertical landscape of tall trees and speckled light is part of:

A)gender orientation.
B)spatial orientation.
C)object orientation.
D)normative orientation.
E)temporal orientation.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A)Enculturation begins before birth.
B)Humans must be enculturated to reach human potential.
C)Culture is biologically inherited.
D)Culture is socially constructed.
E)The first agents of a child's enculturation are members of the household.

Question 11

In traditional Ju/'hoansi society,fathers and mothers alike show great indulgence to children.A result of this indulgence is that the children:

A)do not fear or respect men more than they do women.
B)fear both parents equally.
C)are spoiled and intolerant of other children.
D)do not know how to show proper respect for their fathers.
E)have to learn proper respect much later in life.

Question 12

John Locke's theory of tabula rasa was not sufficient because it did not:

A)focus on the individual,only the group.
B)take genetic contributions into account.
C)address any society except Europe.
D)consider that culture and environment are important.
E)explain why language is so important to development.

Question 13

Which anthropologist stated that the purpose of anthropology is to "make the world safe for human differences"?

A)Nancy Scheper-Hughes
B)Catherine Bateson
C)Mary Douglas
D)Margaret Mead
E)Ruth Benedict

Question 14

A study of childrearing among the Ju/'hoansi of Africa indicates that:

A)boys and girls are raised in a very similar manner and are both mild-mannered and self-reliant.
B)because girls are out gathering most of the time,they are expected to be more aggressive and self-reliant than boys are.
C)mothers spend the least amount of time with their children,and thus the children identify strongly with their fathers.
D)boys do more work than girls.
E)boys have less responsibility than girls and get to play more of the time.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about self-awareness is incorrect?

A)Self-awareness occurs earlier in children as a function of the amount of social stimulation they receive.
B)At 15 weeks of age,the home-reared infant in North America is in contact with its mother for about 20% of the time.
C)At 15 weeks of age,infants in the Ju/'hoansi society of South Africa's Kalahari Desert are in close contact with their mothers about 70% of the time.
D)American children develop self-awareness earlier than do Ju/'hoansi children.
E)Self-awareness comes in stages and not all at once.

Question 16

A society with extensive types of childcare,a desire to make the individual feel socially attached and generally free of stranger anxiety,and with high levels of sharing and social involvement would most likely have what type of training or children?

A)Interdependence
B)Independence
C)Separation
D)Modal
E)Self-awareness

Question 17

Dependence training is most often found associated with which type of society?

A)Horticultural and pastoral societies
B)Foraging and subsistence societies
C)Industrial societies
D)Chiefdom societies
E)Class-stratified societies

Question 18

Which of the following includes definitions and explanations of objects,spatial orientation,and temporal orientation,as well as culturally defined values,ideals,and standards that provide an individual with a normative orientation?

A)Vital self
B)Tabula rasa
C)Behavioral environment
D)Patterns of affect
E)Core values

Question 19

__________________ is the distinctive way a person thinks,feels,and behaves.

A)Normative orientation
B)Individuality
C)Self-awareness
D)Personality
E)Temperament

Question 20

Childrearing practices that encourage compliance in performing tasks and dependence upon the group rather than on the individual is called:

A)enculturation training.
B)independence training.
C)dependence training.
D)transference training.
E)community training.

Question 21

Several years ago,the Italian tourism minister commented on the "typical characteristics" of Germans,causing a huge controversy as to whether or not a people could be labeled.This labeling and grouping is called:

A)modal personality.
B)national character.
C)stereotype.
D)group personality.
E)independence training.

Question 22

People who are born with reproductive organs,genitalia,and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female are called:

A)androgynous.
B)berdache.
C)castrati.
D)transgenders.
E)intersexuals.

Question 23

All of the following statements about biomedicine are correct except:

A)biomedicine uses the medical category of "psychosomatic" for some disorders.
B)biomedicine is a growing approach in healthcare.
C)biomedicine is a completely Western approach to medicine.
D)this approach is fundamentally a dualistic mind-body approach to medicine.
E)biomedicine has resulted in spectacular successes depending.

Question 24

An ethnic psychosis refers to:

A)a psychotic episode experienced by a person from an exotic culture.
B)a progressive disease that strikes anthropologists when they spend more than 12 months in the field.
C)a psychosis characterized by symptoms peculiar to a particular group.
D)a universal form of mental illness.
E)a biologically-based disease that resembles schizophrenia.

Question 25

In today's Native American societies,the preferred term to describe an individual who falls between the categories of "man" and "woman" is known as:

A)berdache.
B)gay.
C)passive homosexual.
D)two-spirit.
E)effeminate.

Question 26

All of the following are associated with eunuchs except:

A)castration is a widespread cultural practice to transform sexual status.
B)there is evidence of castration in the archaeological record in Egypt.
C)castration was always carried out as a public ritual in societies where it had meaning.
D)in some societies eunuchs could rise to high status as priests and administrators.
E)eunuchs were appointed military commanders in the Chinese army.

Question 27

Same-sex sexual acts are punished by the death penalty in all of the following countries except:

A)Mauritania.
B)Guatemala.
C)Sudan.
D)Saudi Arabia.
E)Iran.

Question 28

What is the fear reaction of being bewitched found among Algonquian hunters?

A)Amok
B)Latah
C)Berdache
D)Sadhu
E)Windigo

Question 29

An alternative to the concept of national character is:

A)modal personality.
B)core values.
C)stereotyping.
D)group personality.
E)independence training.

Question 30

The core value to which European Americans subscribe is:

A)cooperation.
B)dependence.
C)generosity in sharing.
D)rugged individualism.
E)dominance.

Question 31

Sadhu is a:

A)kind of mental illness.
B)Hindu ascetic monk.
C)Native American "two-spirit."
D)fierce Yanomamo warrior.
E)psychosomatic disorder.

Question 32

In Western countries,a psychological disorder__________________known as__________________occurs most frequently among young women in which a preoccupation with thinness produces a refusal to eat.This is an example of a culture-bound syndrome.

A)pibloktoq
B)amok
C)anorexia nervosa
D)bulimia
E)windigo

Question 33

What does R.K.Williamson mean by the difference between the "blessed gift" and "the curse"?

A)These are two different approaches to the formation of childhood personality.
B)This is the Native American view of menstruation and childbirth.
C)This is the responsibility to be a shaman upon reaching adulthood.
D)These are two different cultural perspectives of intersexuality.
E)They are two different perspectives of homosexual behavior.

Question 34

The personality typical of a society,as indicated by the central tendency of a defined frequency distribution,is called:

A)a core value.
B)a nuclear personality.
C)a pattern of affect.
D)culture and personality.
E)a modal personality.

Question 35

You are studying the modal personality of a particular group of people by giving them Rorschach tests.In American society,a response to the white background (the PG on which the inkblots are placed)has been associated with the psychological trait of negativism.You are puzzled because you are getting a lot of white responses,but the people don't appear to be negative in other respects.Then you find out that their favorite color is white,and that they are treating the color of the PG not as a background but as a part of the design of the inkblot.This is an example of one of the problems faced by people trying to measure modal personality,which is that:

A)people do not give consistent responses to the same picture from one day to the next.
B)not everyone in a society has the same personality.
C)tests devised in one cultural setting may not be appropriate in another.
D)language problems can create misinterpretations.
E)not everyone has the same type of eyesight.

Question 36

Ideal "cultural personality" traits among Yanomamo men would include being:

A)irritated and whiny.
B)loving and respectful.
C)questioning and anxious.
D)fierce and humorous.
E)nurturing and affectionate.

Question 37

Which of the following refers to the idea that character traits that occur with the most frequency in a cultural society are representative of the values that culture embraces?

A)National cultural traits
B)Modal personality
C)National personality
D)Social conformity models
E)Community training

Question 38

Biomedicine is the predominant medical system found in:

A)Hindu cultures.
B)Islamic cultures.
C)Christian cultures.
D)Asia,Africa,and Latin America.
E)Europe and the United States.

Question 39

Another name for an ethnic psychosis is a:

A)mental ethnic syndrome.
B)culture psychosis.
C)biomedicine.
D)culture-bound syndrome.
E)ethnic abnormality.

Question 40

People who cross over or occupy an intermediate position in the binary male-female gender construction are called:

A)transsexuals.
B)intersexuals.
C)transgenders.
D)eunuchs.
E)third genders.

Question 41

All cultures practice gender bending (creating more than two gender categories)as a way of dealing with different types of sexual categories.

Question 42

Biomedicine is a traditional form of healing that is not widely accepted in the U.S.

Question 43

Both Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict were pioneers in the culture and personality movement in anthropology.

Question 44

The more complex a society,the fewer types of personality that are tolerated.

Question 45

Temporal orientation allows an individual to learn about the moral values,ideals,and principles that are culturally significant.

Question 46

The goal of the sadhus is to liberate themselves from the physical limitation of the mortal body.

Question 47

National character studies have focused on the modal characteristics of emerging Third World countries.

Question 48

About 3% of all humans are intersexed.

Question 49

The significance of the concept of tabula rasa is that it emphasizes the importance of culture rather than biological inheritance in determining an individual's characteristics.

Question 50

Eunuchs in India are known as hijras.

Question 51

The underlying structure of a mental illness may be the same,but it is expressed in a culturally-specific manner.

Question 52

It is common in many cultures for an individual to receive more than one name during their life.

Question 53

Schizophrenia is one of the most common of all psychoses.

Question 54

Culture-bound syndrome is another name for an ethnic psychosis.

Question 55

Normally,personality is like a mask that one wears,sometimes uncomfortably,throughout life.It is always external to the individual.

Question 56

American children are among the earliest to develop a concept of self because of the high level of social stimulation they receive.

Question 57

Independence training is particularly characteristic of rural agrarian societies,where self-reliance and personal achievement are important traits for survival.

Question 58

Childrearing practices that foster compliance and reliance on the group are called dependency training.

Question 59

Names are a form of social identity.

Question 60

Values highly promoted by a particular culture can be considered its core values.

Question 61

What is biomedicine?

Question 62

Compare and contrast dependence and independence training.

Question 63

Use examples from the Hindu sadhus to illustrate the cultural context of normality and abnormality.

Question 64

What is the importance of self-awareness?

Question 65

Explain and critique the idea of national character.

Question 66

What are the agents of enculturation?

Question 67

Who was Ruth Benedict,and what contributions did she make to anthropology?

Question 68

Define the concept of behavioral environment.

Question 69

How do group and modal personality relate to each other?

Question 70

What is a Native American view on intersexed individuals?

Question 71

Define the idea of tabula rasa,and explain its significance for understanding human personality.

Question 72

What is a eunuch,and what social roles have they played in human societies?

Question 73

Describe the concept of core values,and give an example.

Question 74

Describe the statistics behind the concept of modal personality.

Question 75

Relate the development of gender among the Ju/'hoansi to economic conditions that affect childrearing.

Question 76

Explain teknonymy,and give an example.

Question 77

How can anthropologists help with a community's mental health problems?

Question 78

Define a culture-bound syndrome,and give an example of ethnic psychosis.

Question 79

Why is the concept of normality different from culture to culture?

Question 80

Why is it important to study complex categories involving intersexuality and transgendering?