Deck 12: Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

_____ is one's sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

A) Gender role
B) Sex
C) Gender identity
D) Gender stereotypes

Answer 1

Gender identity

Question 2

Pat's 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY. Pat is biologically a

A) male.
B) female.
C) carrier for fragile X syndrome.
D) child with Down syndrome.

Answer 2

male.

Question 3

According to the evolutionary psychology view, the idea that women show an adaptive preference for choosing long-term mates who can provide for their offspring is an expression of

A) environmental design.
B) behaviorism.
C) natural selection.
D) social learning.

Answer 3

natural selection.

Question 4

Which developmental approach argues that different environmental pressures in primeval times forced the separation of gender roles?

A) behavioral
B) social
C) evolutionary
D) cognitive

Question 5

Which theory of gender emphasizes the role of peers in gender typing?

A) psychoanalytic theory of gender
B) social cognitive theory of gender
C) gender schema theory
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 6

Gender refers to the

A) characteristics of people as females or males.
B) biological aspects of being female or male.
C) set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and feel.
D) behavior that is considered appropriate for females or males.

Question 7

Social cognitive theory of gender attributes psychological differences between men and women to

A) observation, imitation, and the rewarding and punishment of gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior experienced by children.
B) the degree of success with which one navigates certain discontinuous psychosocial crises.
C) the degree of identification with the same-sex parent.
D) naturally selected historical roles.

Question 8

Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?

A) psychoanalytic
B) social cognitive
C) gender schema
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 9

A psychology professor attributes gender differences to the possibility that women's lower-status positions in society have encouraged them to become more cooperative and less dominant than men. This view most closely matches

A) cognitive developmental theories of gender.
B) psychoanalytic theories of gender.
C) ethological psychology.
D) the social role theory.

Question 10

_____ are sex hormones produced both by the testes (in males) and adrenal glands (in males and females).

A) Androgens
B) Testosterones
C) Estrogens
D) Estradiols

Question 11

The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs

A) before birth.
B) because of biology.
C) unconsciously.
D) in response to rewards and punishment of imitation behavior.

Question 12

What general class of sex hormones primarily influences the development of female physical sex characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle?

A) androgens
B) estrogens
C) testosterones
D) cortisols

Question 13

Which of the following describes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A) a condition in males caused by a lack of androgen receptors in their cells
B) a condition in which males are missing a penis
C) a condition in females caused by enlarged adrenal glands that produce abnormally high levels of androgens
D) a condition in which a child is born with both male and female genitals

Question 14

What is androgen insensitivity?

A) a condition in males caused by a lack of androgen receptors in their cells
B) a condition in which females are missing ovaries
C) a condition in females caused by enlarged glands producing high levels of androgens
D) a condition in which a child is born with both male and female genitals

Question 15

Gender roles are the

A) social and psychological dimensions of being female or male.
B) biological aspects of being female or male.
C) set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and feel.
D) behavior that is considered appropriate for females or males.

Question 16

What is a pelvic field defect?

A) a condition in males caused by a lack of androgen receptors in their cells
B) a condition in which males are missing a penis
C) a condition in females caused by enlarged glands producing high levels of androgens
D) a condition in which a child is born with both male and female genitals

Question 17

Studies following XY children with pelvic field defects indicate that

A) socialization of an individual most strongly influences gender identity.
B) the physical presence of sex parts most strongly influences gender identity.
C) prenatal exposure to normal levels of androgens most strongly influences gender identity.
D) the parents' level of distress and coping style has a strong influence on the psychological adjustment of these children.

Question 18

Gender typing is the

A) social and psychological dimensions of being female or male.
B) biological aspects of being female or male.
C) set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and feel.
D) acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Question 19

Researchers have found links between hormone levels and certain behaviors. Which of the following is a documented correlation?

A) High levels of estrogens are linked with aggressive and sexual behavior.
B) Violent criminals have above-average levels of estrogens.
C) High levels of cortisol are correlated with sexual behavior during puberty.
D) High levels of fetal testosterone are linked with aggressive and sexual behavior.

Question 20

Which of the following pairings is correct?

A) high concentrations of androgen/male sex characteristics
B) high concentrations of testosterone/female sex characteristics
C) high concentrations of estrogen/male physical characteristics
D) high concentrations of cortisol/male physical characteristics

Question 21

Social cognitive psychologists Luria and Herzog watched elementary school children play repeatedly in same-sex groups and characterized the playground as

A) cognitive vacation.
B) social theatre.
C) gender school.
D) stereotyped role confinement.

Question 22

A cognitive structure made up of a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions is a

A) bias.
B) heuristic.
C) attitude.
D) schema.

Question 23

Tammy is a fifth-grade student who frequently spreads rumors about her least favorite classmates. This behavior is an example of

A) high self-regulation.
B) physical aggression.
C) relational aggression.
D) gender stereotyping.

Question 24

Females are most likely to be stereotyped as _______, whereas males are most likely to be stereotyped as ______.

A) sensitive and power-oriented; aggressive and independent
B) independent and power-oriented; warm and aggressive
C) power-oriented and warm; sensitive and aggressive
D) sensitive and warm; aggressive and independent

Question 25

Compared with the male brain, which of the following is characteristic of a female brain?

A) One part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger.
B) It is smaller in size but has more folds and surface area.
C) An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger.
D) Areas involved in emotional expression show less metabolic activity.

Question 26

The 2011 National Assessment of Education Progress reports

A) boys score significantly higher in math and science than girls.
B) girls score significantly higher in math and science than boys.
C) boys score significantly higher in reading and writing than girls.
D) girls score significantly higher in reading and writing than boys.

Question 27

According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child

A) understands that sex is constant.
B) forms a gender schema of what is appropriate for males or females in their culture.
C) identifies with a same-sex parent.
D) imitates the behavior of men or women based on who they most come in contact with.

Question 28

Gina loves to play rugby, and Josh is enrolled in ballet lessons. What is the likely reaction of their peers?

A) Josh's peers will more readily accept his interest and Gina's peers will more readily reject her choice.
B) Peers will reject both individuals' behaviors.
C) Peers will accept both individuals' behaviors.
D) Gina's peers will more readily accept her interest and Josh's peers will more readily reject his choice.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Girls earn better grades in school than boys.
B) Boys are more likely to be assigned to remedial education classes than girls.
C) Boys participate more in class than girls.
D) Girls are more attentive in class than boys.

Question 30

With regard to gender stereotyping, recent research shows that parents

A) continue to interact differently with sons and daughters, often fostering behaviors that reinforce traditional gender roles.
B) interact nearly equally with sons and daughters, often promoting autonomy and self-reliance.
C) often favor daughters and more heavily promote their intellectual development.
D) often favor sons and socialize them to be more obedient and responsible.

Question 31

General impressions and beliefs about females and males are termed

A) sex differences.
B) gender self-concepts.
C) gender-esteem evaluations.
D) gender stereotypes.

Question 32

Research indicates that stereotyped gender roles are more rigid for

A) girls.
B) boys.
C) children from nuclear families.
D) children from single-parent families.

Question 33

When reviewing factors related to school achievement, such as class participation, attentiveness, and academic success,

A) females show higher achievement than males.
B) males show higher achievement than females.
C) there is no difference between males and females.
D) females outrank males in the area of class participation only.

Question 34

Comparing the math abilities of males and females shows that

A) most males outperform most females.
B) most females outperform most males.
C) there is no significant difference between the sexes.
D) there are significant differences between the sexes in calculus only.

Question 35

Paulo unconsciously knows what it means to be a boy. He interacts with others, chooses activities, and interprets information in accordance with this cognitive representation of "maleness." This is an example of which gender development theory?

A) social cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) psychosocial
D) gender schema

Question 36

Hyde's meta-analysis found all of the following gender differences EXCEPT

A) males have better motor skills than females.
B) males are better at math than females.
C) males masturbate more than females.
D) males are more physically aggressive than females.

Question 37

Traditional views of gender held that male traits are generally ______, and female traits are generally _______.

A) instrumental; expressive
B) aggressive; independent
C) power-oriented; instrumental
D) expressive; assertive

Question 38

A gender difference that appears early in development and across cultures is that compared to girls, boys are more

A) emotional.
B) intelligent.
C) physically aggressive.
D) verbally assertive.

Question 39

Dr. Barlow displays pictures of 10 individuals and asks students to match them with a list of occupations. Unwittingly, the students align traditionally male jobs with pictures of men and traditionally female jobs with pictures of women. This is an example of

A) sex discrimination.
B) gender role attribution.
C) gender stereotyping.
D) gender constancy.

Question 40

A part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior tends to be _____ in males than females.

A) thalamus; smaller
B) hypothalamus; larger
C) hippocampus; smaller
D) hypothalamus; smaller

Question 41

Which of the following is a finding of Robert Michael's extensive interview study regarding Americans' sex lives?

A) Americans' sexual lives are more conservative than portrayed in the media.
B) Single people have sexual intercourse more often than married couples.
C) Adultery is more prevalent than previously believed.
D) Women think more often about sex than men do.

Question 42

Which of the following statements regarding current-day knowledge about sexual orientation is correct?

A) If homosexual males receive androgen therapy, their sexual orientation is likely to change.
B) No firm answers are available as to the specific causal factors for why some individuals are homosexual and some are heterosexual.
C) Sexual orientation is most likely due to environmental factors.
D) Today, it is most acceptable to view sexual orientation as a polar opposite-homosexual or heterosexual.

Question 43

Despite their positive status in the family and culture, _____ over the age of 70 are the poorest population group in the United States.

A) African-American men
B) African-American women
C) Latinos
D) Latinas

Question 44

Which of the following statements regarding the male role in society is accurate?

A) Most men belong to a large system of same-sex mentors.
B) Men have more positive role models than women.
C) The traditional male role puts men at higher risk for health problems.
D) The evolutionary drive to reproduce encourages the development of close, reciprocal relationships with women.

Question 45

Chad is upset, but actively refuses to show his emotion. According to William Pollack, Chad is

A) affirming the gender intensification hypothesis.
B) following the "boy code."
C) engaging in gender role transcendence.
D) likely to internalize his emotion and become depressed.

Question 46

What advice about bicultural identity would psychologist Laura Brown give to a gay or lesbian couple?

A) Isolate yourselves as a couple and avoid contact with other people.
B) Maintain contact with both the gay community and the heterosexual mainstream.
C) Develop a circle of gay and lesbian friends and avoid frequent contact with heterosexual people.
D) Develop a circle of heterosexual friends and avoid strong associations with the gay community.

Question 47

According to the gender-intensification hypothesis, what is a likely result of adolescent boys attempting to be viewed as more masculine?

A) They obsess about academic achievement and reward.
B) They form exclusive, male peer groups and minimize interaction with females.
C) They take body bulking steroidal supplements.
D) They engage in risk-taking and rebellious behavior.

Question 48

As men grow older, there is a continuing trend that older men become more

A) masculine.
B) physically aggressive.
C) nurturant.
D) sexist.

Question 49

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) affect approximately _____ U.S. adults.

A) 1 in 3
B) 1 in 6
C) 1 in 10
D) 1 in 25

Question 50

Psychological and behavioral differences tend to increase during adolescence because of increased social pressures to conform to traditional gender roles. This is

A) traditional gender role development.
B) an example of gender role scripts.
C) the gender-intensification hypothesis.
D) the development of gender stereotypes.

Question 51

Older women face the double jeopardy of

A) ageism and sexism.
B) anxiety and shame.
C) a lack of confidence, education, and financial security.
D) guilt and mental disabilities.

Question 52

A person's sexual orientation MOST likely is determined by a combination of

A) personal preference and social conditioning.
B) family history and religious affiliation.
C) genetic and hormonal factors.
D) genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Question 53

Report talk involves _____, while rapport talk involves _______.

A) sharing information; making a personal connection
B) networking in business; talking to oneself
C) making a personal connection; sharing information
D) gender stereotyping; networking in business

Question 54

Adopting a strong masculine role in adolescence is associated with

A) unconscious development of masculine traits of assertiveness and power wielding.
B) active participation in the development of others.
C) deliberate fostering of independence and separate "I-ness."
D) problem behaviors like drug use and delinquency.

Question 55

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) All people, regardless of sexual orientation, have similar physiological responses during sexual arousal.
B) Lesbians and gay men have similar physiological responses during sex but these responses are different than those of heterosexuals.
C) Lesbians, gay men, and heterosexuals all have different physiological response during sex.
D) Lesbians and heterosexuals have similar physiological responses during sex but these responses are different than those of gay men.

Question 56

Kyle and Angie have decided to wait until they are married to have sex. They hold to a

A) nontraditional sexual script.
B) romantic script.
C) traditional gender role script.
D) traditional religious sexual script.

Question 57

Charlie disputes Helen's complaint that they never talk. "What do you mean? I just gave you my work schedule and evening plans for the week." Charlie engages in _____, whereas Helen desires _____.

A) gender stereotyping; gender transcendence
B) role strain; role ease
C) rapport talk; report talk
D) report talk; rapport talk

Question 58

Which of the following STIs is caused by a virus rather than bacteria?

A) gonorrhea
B) syphilis
C) genital herpes
D) chlamydia

Question 59

Which of the following is a likely reason that boys may find it difficult to learn the masculine gender role?

A) Male role models are less accessible to young children.
B) Boys fight against the well-defined requirements of masculine roles.
C) The masculine role has become so flexible, that boundaries are difficult to distinguish.
D) Boys are inept at picking up social information from their environment.

Question 60

Pablo feels pressure to be a strong, independent provider. His wife, however, complains that he is not sensitive enough. According to Pleck, Pablo is experiencing

A) gender stereotyping.
B) role strain.
C) role discontinuity.
D) role conflict.

Question 61

According to a 2015 national study, what percentage of U.S. high school seniors were currently sexually active?

A) 20 percent
B) 29 percent
C) 46 percent
D) 63 percent

Question 62

Which of the following STIs is caused by bacteria rather than a virus?

A) HPV
B) AIDS
C) genital herpes
D) chlamydia

Question 63

How many college freshman women report having been date raped or having experienced an attempted date rape at least once?

A) 2/3
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 1/4

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a typically reported consequence of sexual harassment in women?

A) an increase in disordered eating
B) more promiscuous sexual behavior
C) psychological distress
D) physical illness

Question 65

What percentage of female rape victims suffer some form of sexual dysfunction?

A) 35 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 80 percent

Question 66

What percentage of college men admit to forcing a woman into a sexual act?

A) 25 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 67

One of the best predictors of getting an STI is

A) heterosexual behavior.
B) homosexual behavior.
C) asking a partner about his sexual behavior.
D) having sex with multiple partners.

Question 68

Santiago waited until college to have sex. Which of the following most likely did NOT influence his decision to wait?

A) high self-regulation
B) religious affiliation and involvement
C) future aspirations
D) popular TV shows and commercials

Question 69

Which of the following statements regarding male and female adolescent sexual behavior is accurate?

A) Almost half of girls and just a slightly her percentage of boys participate in oral sex from the age of 15 to the age of 19.
B) Girls engage in sexual behavior about one year earlier than boys.
C) A majority of girls and a minority of boys are virgins at the age of 15.
D) A majority of boys and a minority of girls who are sexually active are also married.

Question 70

Which of the following is positively correlated with earlier sexual behavior in adolescents?

A) curiosity and sexual play in childhood
B) strict parental values against premarital sex
C) viewing sexually explicit TV shows
D) participation in extracurricular clubs and activities

Question 71

Recovery from rape depends on all of the following EXCEPT

A) social support.
B) whether or not they knew the rapist.
C) the victim's cognitive abilities.
D) psychological adjustments prior to the assault.

Question 72

Condoms are least effective against the spread of

A) HIV.
B) syphilis.
C) chlamydia.
D) herpes.

Question 73

Male rapists share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) they want to hurt their victims.
B) they are angry at women in general.
C) they were abused as children.
D) aggression enhances their sense of power.

Question 74

An adolescent's sexual identity involves all of the following EXCEPT

A) activities.
B) styles of behavior.
C) indication of sexual orientation.
D) strong sexual arousal.

Question 75

Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the victim is at least casually acquainted is called

A) date or acquaintance rape.
B) consensual sex.
C) sexual harassment.
D) sexual dysfunction.

Question 76

Joe has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Joe has

A) AIDS.
B) herpes.
C) syphilis.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 77

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Most people living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa.
B) Approximately half of all new HIV cases around the world occur in 20- to 30-year-olds.
C) As of 2012, female-male sexual contact was the most frequent AIDS transmission category.
D) Deaths due to HIV/AIDS have remained stable in the United States.

Question 78

Which of the following statements regarding child sex play, exhibiting or inspecting the genitals, in children is TRUE?

A) Children who engage in sex play are more likely to have psychological disorders as adults.
B) Children who engage in sex play are more likely to have sexual adjustment issues in adolescence.
C) Child sex play is common in early childhood.
D) The main surge in sexual interest takes place in elementary school.

Question 79

Marc's doctor informs him that he has an incurable sexually transmitted disease. Which disease does Marc have?

A) gonorrhea
B) HIV
C) syphilis
D) chlamydia

Question 80

Sexual harassment includes which of the following?

A) sexist remarks
B) physical contact
C) sexual assault
D) All of these answers are correct.