Question 1

_____ is one's sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

Accepted Answer

Gender identity is an individual's internal sense and perception of their own gender, which may or may not match their assigned sex at birth. It is a core aspect of a person's individual identity and may be expressed in various ways, such as behavior, dress, and personal pronouns used. Gender role refers to the set of societal expectations and norms associated with being male or female within a particular culture, while sex refers to one's biological anatomy and physiology. Gender stereotypes are oversimplified, generalized beliefs about the characteristics and behavior of men and women.

Question 2

Pat's 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY. Pat is biologically a

Accepted Answer

The presence of XY chromosomes indicates that Pat has a Y chromosome, which is the male sex chromosome.

Question 3

According to the evolutionary psychology view, the idea that women show an adaptive preference for choosing long-term mates who can provide for their offspring is an expression of

Accepted Answer

The idea that women show an adaptive preference for choosing long-term mates who can provide for their offspring is an expression of natural selection in evolutionary psychology. This preference has developed over time through the process of natural selection, as it increases the likelihood that a woman's offspring will survive and thrive.

Question 4

Which developmental approach argues that different environmental pressures in primeval times forced the separation of gender roles?

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary approach argues that different environmental pressures in primeval times forced the separation of gender roles, as gender roles evolved in response to survival challenges and reproductive demands. The behavioral approach looks at how environmental factors such as reinforcement and punishment shape behavior. The social approach focuses on how societal norms and expectations impact behavior. The cognitive approach analyzes how mental processes such as thinking and problem solving influence behavior.

Question 5

Which theory of gender emphasizes the role of peers in gender typing?

Accepted Answer

The social cognitive theory of gender emphasizes the role of peers in gender typing. This theory suggests that children learn from observing and imitating those around them, including peers, and that reinforcement and punishment from peers for gender-typed behaviors further shape their gender identity. Conversely, psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the role of unconscious desires and early childhood experiences, gender schema theory focuses on how schemas influence perception and memory, and evolutionary psychology looks at how evolution has shaped gender roles and behavior.

Question 6

Gender refers to the

Accepted Answer

Gender refers to the characteristics of people as females or males, and it is typically based on cultural and societal norms and expectations rather than just biological factors.

Question 7

Social cognitive theory of gender attributes psychological differences between men and women to

Accepted Answer

The social cognitive theory of gender suggests that psychological differences between men and women are primarily due to observation, imitation, and the reinforcement of gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior experienced by children. This theory emphasizes the role of socialization in shaping gender roles and behaviors.

Question 8

Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?

Accepted Answer

Observation, imitation, rewards and punishment are key components of social cognitive theory, which focuses on how individuals learn social behaviors through observation and reinforcement. Social cognitive theory is often applied to the study of gender development and stereotypes. The other options are not as directly related to these facets of learning and behavior.

Question 9

A psychology professor attributes gender differences to the possibility that women's lower-status positions in society have encouraged them to become more cooperative and less dominant than men. This view most closely matches

Accepted Answer

The view that women's lower-status positions in society have encouraged them to become more cooperative and less dominant than men is in line with the social role theory, which holds that gender differences arise due to societal expectations and roles assigned to men and women. The other options (cognitive developmental theories, psychoanalytic theories, and ethological psychology) do not specifically address the influence of societal roles on gender differences.

Question 10

_____ are sex hormones produced both by the testes (in males) and adrenal glands (in males and females).

Accepted Answer

Androgens are sex hormones produced by the testes in males and adrenal glands (in males and females). Testosterones and estradiols are specific types of androgens, and estrogens are a separate class of sex hormones.

Question 11

The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic theory posits that gender typing occurs unconsciously, particularly through identification with same-sex parent figures and the internalization of gender norms and beliefs. Biology may play a role in developing certain physical characteristics typically associated with gender, but psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of psychological and environmental factors in the development of gender identity. Reward and punishment of imitation behaviors may be a part of social learning theory, but is not the main focus of psychoanalytic theory. Gender typing is also not thought to occur before birth, as biological sex is determined at conception but gender identity and expression develop over time.

Question 12

What general class of sex hormones primarily influences the development of female physical sex characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle?

Accepted Answer

Estrogens primarily influence the development of female physical sex characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle. Androgens and testosterones are primarily male sex hormones, while cortisols play a role in stress response and metabolism.

Question 13

Which of the following describes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Accepted Answer

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a condition in females caused by enlarged adrenal glands that produce abnormally high levels of androgens. It can result in ambiguous genitalia in females and other symptoms related to hormonal imbalances.

Question 14

What is androgen insensitivity?

Accepted Answer

Androgen insensitivity is a genetic condition in which males have a lack of androgen receptors in their cells, resulting in an inability to respond to male hormones (androgens) during fetal development. This leads to incomplete virilization of the external genitalia, resulting in varying degrees of ambiguous genitalia. Internally, affected individuals have testes but with varying degrees of feminization of the reproductive tract.

Question 15

Gender roles are the

Accepted Answer

Gender roles refer to the set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and feel. While gender does have some biological aspects, gender roles are primarily shaped by societal and cultural norms. Therefore, option A is not comprehensive enough. Option B is only partially correct, as biological sex does play a role in shaping gender roles, but it is not the sole determinant. Option D is closely related to option C but is more limited in scope, as it focuses only on behavior rather than encompassing expectations for thought and feeling as well.

Question 16

What is a pelvic field defect?

Accepted Answer

A pelvic field defect is a condition in which males are missing a penis, which can be a result of various developmental anomalies during fetal development.

Question 17

Studies following XY children with pelvic field defects indicate that

Accepted Answer

Studies following XY children with pelvic field defects have shown that prenatal exposure to normal levels of androgens most strongly influences gender identity. These children typically have higher levels of androgens than usual, which can result in the development of male-typical behaviors and preferences regardless of the presence of typical male sex organs. Other factors such as socialization and parental distress may still play a role in the psychological adjustment of these children, but they are not as strongly correlated with gender identity in this population.

Question 18

Gender typing is the

Accepted Answer

Gender typing refers to the process by which individuals acquire the characteristics and behaviors considered appropriate for males or females in their culture, which is essentially the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Question 19

Researchers have found links between hormone levels and certain behaviors. Which of the following is a documented correlation?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that high levels of fetal testosterone are linked with increased aggressive and sexual behavior in both sexes. However, there is no evidence to suggest that estrogen levels are linked with violent behavior, and cortisol levels are not directly linked with sexual behavior during puberty.

Question 20

Which of the following pairings is correct?

Accepted Answer

Androgen is a male sex hormone that promotes the development of male characteristics, such as facial hair, deepening of voice, and muscle growth. High concentrations of androgen will therefore lead to male sex characteristics.

Quiz 12: Gender and Sexuality