Deck 11: Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives

Question 1

The Province or Territory with the highest percentage of guilty cases leading to incarceration is:

A) Quebec.
B) Prince Edward Island.
C) Northwest Territories.
D) Yukon.

Answer 1

Prince Edward Island.

Question 2

In 1956, in response to overcrowding and riots, the _____recommended the creation of a parole system to enhance re-entry success.

A) Canadian Sentencing Commission
B) Fauteux Report
C) Archambault Inquiry
D) Gladue Report

Answer 2

Fauteux Report

Question 3

The _____ in 1938 recommended revisions of penitentiary regulations to address overcrowding and to emphasize rehabilitation.

A) Canadian Sentencing Commission
B) Gladue Report
C) Fauteux Report
D) Archambault Inquiry

Answer 3

Archambault Inquiry

Question 4

The sentencing outcome where there is a finding of guilt but no conviction and the offender has no terms or conditions to complete is called a(n):

A) suspended sentence.
B) unconditional disposition.
C) absolute discharge.
D) set-aside.

Question 5

Describe what is known about public views on sentencing.

Question 6

Discuss the factors that contribute to the harshness of prison life.

Question 7

Which case is NOT a Supreme Court decision used by the authors to explain the status of Aboriginal justice?

A) R. v. Black Hawk
B) R. v. Ipeelee
C) R. v. Gladue
D) R. v. Wells

Question 8

Which is NOT one of the ways that prison terms could be ordered to be served?

A) continuously
B) intermittently
C) irrevocably
D) indeterminately

Question 9

For the most common early Canadian punishments, strangers or vagabonds would be _____ while local residents faced _____.

A) jailed; banishment
B) banished; shaming
C) shamed; jail
D) fined; transportation

Question 10

In Canada, imprisonment can be be ordered to be served in a number of ways. When the person serves time at various intervals such as on weekends, it is called a(n) _____ term.

A) intermittent
B) indeterminate
C) interrupted
D) conditional

Question 11

What are some of the problems facing women in prison and what can be done to improve conditions?

Question 12

When a judge considers an offender's previous history of crimes when it comes to sentencing, that is considered a(n) _____ factor.

A) mitigating
B) aggravating
C) substantiating
D) accelerating

Question 13

Which statement about early incarceration efforts in Canada is FALSE?

A) Prisons were not operated in Canada until about 1835.
B) The first prisons were minimum-security institutions focusing on productive labour.
C) The first Penitentiary Act in 1868 created a federal prison system.
D) Kingston Penitentiary, housing many infamous criminals, has been called Canada's Alcatraz.

Question 14

According to the text, research on sentencing disparity using two different methods found:

A) experimental simulations have lower rates of sentencing disparity than actual case outcomes.
B) studies using experimental simulations as well as studies using case archival data both have mixed results.
C) data mined from archived cases revealed lower rates of sentencing disparity than simulated studies.
D) results from both experimental simulations and archived cases consistently reflected sentencing disparity.

Question 15

Discuss the various sentencing options available in the justice system and which you think might be most effective.

Question 16

Explain the various purposes and goals of punishment used today.

Question 17

According to the authors, which statement about overrepresentation of Aboriginal offenders in the prison system is FALSE?

A) Research on whether Aboriginal offenders receive more or longer custodial sentences is unclear.
B) Research appears to indicate that judges do not follow directives to consider the Aboriginal status of offenders.
C) High rates of social and mental health problems in Aboriginal populations are tied to the intergenerational effects of colonialism.
D) Aboriginal incarceration rates are three times higher than the proportion of Aboriginal adults in Canada.

Question 18

The reason that the judge in the original trial of Jamie Gladue did not apply section 718.2 of the Criminal Code, which calls for alternative considerations for Aboriginal offenders, was that:

A) the charge of manslaughter was too serious to be considered for community sanctions.
B) at the time of this case, Aboriginal offenders were no longer overrepresented in the penal system.
C) Jamie did not live in a First Nations reserve community, she lived in the city.
D) The issue of Aboriginal status was not brought to light until the appeal was filed.

Question 19

Which statement about Gladue requirements is FALSE?

A) Prior to sentencing, the judge must receive a full background on the offender and information about alternatives to incarceration.
B) Many cases are heard in special Gladue courts that set bail, arrange pleas and do sentencing hearings.
C) Specially trained staff called Gladue caseworkers prepare the reports for the court.
D) Failure to produce reports in a timely manner results in more punitive sentences and fewer diversion options.

Question 20

When a judge considers an offender's youthfulness when it comes to sentencing, that is considered a(n) _____factor

A) substantiating
B) mitigating
C) aggravating
D) accelerating

Question 21

In the United States, justice policymakers are increasingly abandoning mandatory minimums in favour of :

A) mandatory maximums.
B) complete judicial discretion.
C) sentencing guidelines.
D) indeterminate sentences.

Question 22

Which statement about the 1987 Canadian Sentencing Commission Report is FALSE?

A) It called for the creation of guidelines for judges to determine proper length of prison terms.
B) It included feedback from the Canadian Psychological Association.
C) It recommended use of mandatory minimum sentences for all but murder and high treason.
D) The report's recommendations were not implemented.

Question 23

The type of facility used by the provinces and territories to house offenders before and during trial as well as between conviction, sentencing, and transportation to a more permanent assignment is a:

A) jail.
B) correctional centre.
C) remand centre.
D) detention centre.

Question 24

According to the text, _____ and _____ combine to form the self-contained subculture of prisons.

A) prisonization; importation
B) victimization; exploitation
C) domination; subjugation
D) assimilation; identification

Question 25

According to the text, data seem to indicate that the highest rates of offenders successfully completing parole are those on:

A) day parole.
B) full parole.
C) statutory release.
D) long-term supervision.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations from the jurors in the Ashley Smith inquest?

A) End the use of indefinite solitary confinement.
B) Increase the size of observation windows into cells and improve lighting.
C) Give prison staff the right to refuse a superior's order without reprisal.
D) Make all levels of prison staff accountable for inmates' right to life.

Question 27

Which statement about the mental health needs of female prisoners is FALSE?

A) About half of female inmates have been victims of previous physical or sexual abuse.
B) Females attempt self-harm and suicide at exceptionally high rates.
C) The proportion of females with mental health needs doubled between 1997 and 2008.
D) Relocating women to the few female facilities creates stress and strain from family separation.

Question 28

When first-time nonviolent offenders are released back into the community after serving only one-sixth of their sentences, it is called a(n):

A) statutory release.
B) accelerated parole.
C) commutation.
D) conditional work-release.

Question 29

When someone is granted a parole after serving a majority of their life sentence, it is called a(n):

A) commutation.
B) accelerated release.
C) statutory release.
D) conditional discharge.

Question 30

Which is NOT one of the trends in community supervision noted in the text?

A) Three-quarters of Canadian offenders are serving a sentence in the community.
B) The number of adult offenders on probation has increased steadily over the last decade.
C) One in ten adults under community supervision is serving a conditional sentence.
D) Data on conditional sentences in Canada indicate mixed results in terms of success.

Question 31

People forming opinions about crime and punishments based on media coverage of a sensational case is referred to as:

A) carpe notorious.
B) a Trojan Horse event.
C) an associative impression.
D) an availability heuristic.

Question 32

The belief that people will not commit crimes because they fear punishment and incarceration is called _____ deterrence.

A) specific
B) subjective
C) general
D) reactionary

Question 33

Which statement about alternative sentencing options for Aboriginal offenders is FALSE?

A) A government study found no differential recidivism effects when healing lodges were used compared to traditional incarceration.
B) Sentencing circles include members of the court and community as well as Aboriginal elders.
C) Sentencing options from the circle process include school, work, spiritual activities and community service.
D) Healing lodges are custodial placements that promote positive cultural interactions.

Question 34

Which statement about the correctional system in Canada is FALSE?

A) Inmates over the age of 50 constitute 20 percent of the prisoner population.
B) It costs about $350 per day to house a prisoner in the federal system.
C) Officials estimate that a single murder costs society over one million dollars.
D) Territorial and provincial rates of paroles granted are higher than from the federal system.

Question 35

Which fact about prisoners in Canada is FALSE?

A) Women represent about 6 percent of all provincial and territorial offenders in custody.
B) As of 2012, there were about 40,500 prisoners in a custodial institution.
C) Canada's incarceration rate is mid-range among countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
D) The average prisoner is a married, young male.

Question 36

According to the text, which is NOT one of the reasons a person may be excluded from participation in a sentencing circle for Aboriginal offenders?

A) The offender's community is not prepared to participate.
B) The applicant is an older first-time offender.
C) The prison sentence would have been greater than two years.
D) The offender's attitude is not conducive to effective engagement.

Question 37

Which is NOT one of the research findings covered in the text that addresses the question, "Does prison work?"

A) Gendreau et al. determined that intermediate sanctions with treatment reduced recidivism by almost 10 percent.
B) Bonta et al. indicated recidivism rates for federal releases of 40-44 percent within the first two years.
C) Gendreau et al. found longer or more severe punishment was either related to slight increases in recidivism or no effect.
D) Smith et al.'s meta-analysis found significant reductions in recidivism with shorter prison terms with treatment.

Question 38

Based on information in the text, which statement about gangs and drugs in prison is FALSE?

A) Research seems to indicate that about half of all prison violence is gang related.
B) Over the last five years there has been a decline in gang membership in federal prisons.
C) Estimates are that about 80 percent of all federal prisoners have a substance abuse problem.
D) Attempts to measure drug abuse inside prisons have had positive test rates of about 10 to 12 percent.

Question 39

In Canada, life prisoners can apply for parole after serving _____ of their sentence in custody.

A) one-quarter
B) one-third
C) one -half
D) two-thirds

Question 40

Which is NOT one of the findings from polling research on public attitudes about sentencing in Canada?

A) Most people underestimate the percent of robbery convictions that result in incarceration.
B) The public is poorly informed about judicial sentencing options.
C) There is a negative relationship between people's fear of crime and perceptions of judicial leniency.
D) Roberts et al.'s data show that since the 1970s, a majority of citizens polled think sentences are too lenient.