Deck 23: The Roots of Prejudice

Question 1

In Pavlov's experiments,the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)
•conditioned response.
•unconditioned response.
•unconditioned stimulus.
•conditioned stimulus.

Answer 1

•unconditioned response

Question 2

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were
•unconditioned responses.
•primary reinforcers.
•conditioned responses.
•conditioned reinforcers.

Answer 2

•conditioned responses

Question 3

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward,the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
•generalization.
•spontaneous recovery.
•respondent behavior.
•observational learning.

Answer 3

•observational learning

Question 4

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
•observational learning.
•respondent behavior.
•spontaneous recovery.
•operant conditioning.

Question 5

If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food,the tone is called a(n)
•unconditioned stimulus.
•neutral stimulus.
•conditioned stimulus.
•immediate reinforcer.

Question 6

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
•playing jump rope
•running through a maze to get a food reward
•sweating in hot weather
•clapping after a thrilling concert performance

Question 7

Conditioning is the process of
•discrimination.
•spontaneous recovery.
•learning associations.
•observational learning.

Question 8

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water,its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates
•spontaneous recovery.
•associative learning.
•observational learning.
•operant conditioning.

Question 9

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
•discrimination.
•spontaneous recovery.
•classical conditioning.
•observational learning.

Question 10

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a
•UR.
•US.
•CR.
•CS.

Question 11

In Pavlov's experiments,the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)
•conditioned response.
•unconditioned stimulus.
•unconditioned response.
•conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

A child's learned fear of the mere sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
•conditioned response.
•unconditioned stimulus.
•conditioned stimulus.
•unconditioned response.

Question 13

According to the text,learning involves
•the ability to think abstractly.
•a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
•the development of prosocial behavior.
•a reduction in spontaneous recovery.

Question 14

In classical conditioning,a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)
•unconditioned stimulus.
•secondary reinforcer.
•neutral stimulus.
•discriminative stimulus.

Question 15

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,the US was
•a tone.
•salivation to the sound of a tone.
•the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.
•salivation to the food in the mouth.

Question 16

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called
•shaping.
•acquisition.
•generalization.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 17

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example,the loud noise is a(n)
•unconditioned stimulus.
•unconditioned response.
•conditioned stimulus.
•neutral stimulus.

Question 18

Last year,Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
•negative reinforcement
•classical conditioning
•latent learning
•operant conditioning

Question 19

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of a lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious,mouth-watering meal. Later,when Gavin was given a tour of the property,he drooled with delight. For Gavin,the lakeshore property was a
•US.
•CS.
•UR.
•CR.

Question 20

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by
•Watson.
•Skinner.
•Rayner.
•Pavlov.

Question 21

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting,Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious,this would best illustrate
•a biological predisposition.
•generalization.
•spontaneous recovery.
•negative reinforcement.

Question 22

Dogs conditioned to salivate when rubbed on their front paws also began to salivate when other parts of their bodies were rubbed. This best illustrates
•spontaneous recovery.
•secondary reinforcement.
•discrimination.
•generalization.

Question 23

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction
•the CS is eliminated.
•the CR is eliminated.
•the CS is suppressed.
•the CR is suppressed.

Question 24

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called
•acquisition.
•discrimination.
•generalization.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 25

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates
•generalization.
•secondary reinforcement.
•stimulus predictability.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 26

A geometric figure is most likely to become sexually arousing if presented shortly
•after an appropriate UR.
•after an appropriate US.
•before an appropriate UR.
•before an appropriate US.

Question 27

Compared with nonabused children,those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates
•observational learning.
•generalization.
•higher-order conditioning.
•negative reinforcement.

Question 28

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of
•discrimination.
•generalization.
•delayed reinforcement.
•adaptability.

Question 29

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves
•negative reinforcement.
•cognitive processes.
•spontaneous recovery.
•discrimination.

Question 30

The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on
•an organism's active behavioral responses to environmental stimulation.
•the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US.
•how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US.
•an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

Question 31

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of
•higher-order conditioning.
•continuous reinforcement.
•discrimination.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 32

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with
•loud sounds.
•bright lights.
•novel tastes.
•high-pitched sounds.

Question 33

Spontaneous recovery refers to the
•expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive.
•organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS.
•return of a response after punishment has been terminated.
•reappearance,after a pause,of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 34

After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire,Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
•observational learning.
•spontaneous recovery.
•generalization.
•discrimination.

Question 35

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker)conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates
•extinction.
•spontaneous recovery.
•intermittent reinforcement.
•higher-order conditioning.

Question 36

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.
•UR; CR
•CS; UR
•US; UR
•CS; US

Question 37

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by
•Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.
•Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response.
•Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants.
•Rescorla and Wagner's findings on the importance of predictability in conditioning.

Question 38

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.
•biological predispositions
•discrimination
•generalization
•cognitive processes

Question 39

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone
•spontaneous recovery.
•extinction.
•generalization.
•discrimination.

Question 40

In classical conditioning,the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
•US; CS
•UR; CR
•CS; US
•CR; UR

Question 41

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound,your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates
•generalization.
•spontaneous recovery.
•classical conditioning.
•discrimination.

Question 42

The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a ________ perspective.
•biological
•behaviorist
•cognitive
•social-cultural

Question 43

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears
•can interfere with the process of learning.
•can be used as negative reinforcers.
•are acquired through observational learning.
•may be produced through classical conditioning.

Question 44

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)
•negative reinforcer.
•conditioned stimulus.
•conditioned reinforcer.
•unconditioned stimulus.

Question 45

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident,Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates
•an unconditioned response.
•operant conditioning.
•discrimination.
•generalization.

Question 46

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by
•cognitive processes.
•biological predispositions.
•continuous reinforcement.
•observational learning.

Question 47

In a series of experiments,men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when their photos were framed in
•black.
•yellow.
•violet.
•red.

Question 48

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant,Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case,spanking was a(n)________ for Colin's fear.
•negative reinforcer
•conditioned stimulus
•secondary reinforcer
•unconditioned stimulus

Question 49

(a)How would you classically condition an adventuresome 2-year-old to be more fearful of running across a busy street near her house?

Question 50

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n)________.
•CS; US
•UR; CS
•secondary reinforcer; operant behavior
•negative reinforcer; operant behavior

Question 51

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions,culturally learned preferences,and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by
•Pavlov's experiments.
•Watson's behaviorism.
•a biopsychosocial approach.
•Rayner's experiments.

Question 52

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease,researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning,the sound was a
•US.
•UR.
•CS.
•CR.

Question 53

Through direct experience with animals,we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates
•observational learning.
•spontaneous recovery.
•respondent behavior.
•associative learning.

Question 54

(a)Several days after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol,Kendra becomes nauseated simply by the smell of liquor. The sight of the half-empty liquor bottle from which she drank does not,however,upset her. What does Kendra's pattern of response indicate about the limits of associative learning?

Question 55

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a
•UR.
•US.
•CR.
•CS.

Question 56

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs,the sight of this person had become a(n)
•primary reinforcer.
•unconditional stimulus.
•immediate reinforcer.
•conditioned stimulus.

Question 57

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a
•UR.
•US.
•CR.
•CS.

Question 58

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished,Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates
•generalization.
•spontaneous recovery.
•delayed reinforcement.
•acquisition.

Question 59

After learning to fear a white rat,Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
•secondary reinforcement.
•generalization.
•adaptability.
•spontaneous recovery.

Question 60

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because
•it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning.
•so many different species of animals,including humans,can be classically conditioned.
•it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning.
•all learning depends on reinforcement.

Question 61

Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is
•the research participant's age.
•the strength of the stimuli.
•the predictability of an association.
•the similarity of stimuli.

Question 62

Months after she was raped,Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n)________ for Courtney's anxiety.
•conditioned stimulus
•negative reinforcer
•unconditioned stimulus
•partial reinforcer

Question 63

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus,________ will soon take place.
•generalization
•discrimination
•extinction
•aversion

Question 64

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs,the tone was initially a(n)________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat,it became a(n)________ stimulus.
•conditioned; neutral
•neutral; conditioned
•conditioned; unconditioned
•unconditioned; conditioned

Question 65

As a child,you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals)screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the NS,which becomes the CS
•your mother's behavior
•your crying
•the cat
•your fear today

Question 66

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food,you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by
•discriminators.
•biological predispositions.
•conditioned reinforcers.
•mentalistic concepts.

Question 67

For the most rapid conditioning,a CS should be presented
•about 1 second after the US.
•about one-half second before the US.
•about 15 seconds before the US.
•at the same time as the US.

Question 68

During extinction,the ________ is omitted; as a result,the ________ seems to disappear.
•US; UR
•CS; CR
•US; CR
•CS; UR

Question 69

Learning is best defined as
•any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked.
•a change in the behavior of an organism.
•a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.
•behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning.

Question 70

Bill once had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then he will not even consider owning blue- or green-colored cars. Bill's aversion to green cars is an example of
•discrimination.
•generalization.
•latent learning.
•extinction.

Question 71

In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses,spontaneous recovery occurred
•during acquisition,when the NS was first paired with the US.
•during extinction,when the CS was first presented by itself.
•when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period.
•during discrimination training,when several conditioned stimuli were introduced.

Question 72

To obtain a reward,a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?
•extinction
•generalization
•classical conditioning
•discrimination

Question 73

You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so,your dog salivates. Rattling the box has become a ________; your dog's salivation is a ________.
•CS; CR
•CS; UR
•US; CR
•US; UR

Question 74

As a child,you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals)screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the CR.
•your mother's behavior
•your crying
•the cat
•your fear today

Question 75

Two groups of rats receive classical conditioning trials in which a tone and electric shock are presented. For Group 1 the electric shock always follows the tone. For Group 2 the tone and shock occur randomly. Which of the following is likely to result?
•The tone will become a CS for Group 1 but not for Group 2.
•The tone will become a CS for Group 2 but not for Group 1.
•The tone will become a CS for both groups.
•The tone will not become a CS for either group.

Question 76

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs,salivation to meat was the
•CS.
•CR.
•US.
•UR.

Question 77

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs,the meat served as a
•CS.
•CR.
•US.
•UR.

Question 78

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog,Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of
•extinction.
•discrimination.
•conditioned reinforcement.
•observational learning.

Question 79

As a child,you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals)screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the US.
•your mother's behavior
•your crying
•the cat
•your fear today

Question 80

As a child,you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals)screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the UR.
•your mother's behavior
•your crying
•the cat
•your fear today