Question 1

In Pavlov's experiments,the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

Accepted Answer

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were actually conditioned responses, as they were a learned reaction to a specific stimulus (such as the sound of a bell). They were not unconditioned responses, as they were not automatic or innate, nor were they primary or conditioned reinforcers, as they were not rewards or punishments that were reinforcing behavior.

Question 3

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward,the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes observational learning, in which an animal learns a behavior by watching another animal perform it. The first chimp saw the second chimp open a box to get a food reward, and then quickly copied that behavior when presented with a similar box. This is a clear demonstration of how observational learning can occur between individuals of the same species.

Question 4

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

Accepted Answer

The association between pushing a button and receiving a candy bar is an example of operant conditioning, specifically a type of reinforcement known as positive reinforcement. As the child continues to receive candy bars from the vending machine after pushing the button, they learn that this behavior (pushing the button) results in a desirable outcome (getting a candy bar) and are more likely to do it again in the future.

Question 5

If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food,the tone is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

The tone is a conditioned stimulus because it has become associated with the presentation of food, which is an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response (salivation) from the dog. Before the conditioning process, the tone was a neutral stimulus that did not elicit any response.

Question 6

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

Sweating in hot weather is an automatic response that is not learned, making it an unconditioned response. Playing jump rope, running through a maze for a food reward, and clapping after a performance are all learned responses and therefore would not be considered unconditioned responses.

Question 7

Conditioning is the process of

Accepted Answer

Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response. This process can occur through classical conditioning (associating two stimuli) or operant conditioning (associating a behavior with its consequences). Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 8

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water,its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The sea slug developing a stronger withdrawal response to the squirt of water after receiving an electric shock indicates the process of associative learning. It has associated the two stimuli and learned to respond to the squirt of water with a protective behavior due to the electric shock that follows.

Question 9

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

Accepted Answer

The pets have learned to associate the sound of the electric can opener with the arrival of their food, which is an example of classical conditioning. Discrimination refers to the ability to distinguish between different stimuli, while spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished response. Observational learning involves acquiring new behaviors by observing others. None of these concepts are as applicable to the scenario given as classical conditioning.

Question 10

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

Accepted Answer

DThe sexual arousal triggered by the red light is a Conditioned Response (CR) because it is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (the red light) that has become associated with a Unconditioned Stimulus (US), which in this case is the presentation of a female quail. The red light itself becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) because it has been associated with the presentation of the female quail and now elicits the sexual arousal response on its own.

Question 11

In Pavlov's experiments,the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)

Accepted Answer

The dog's salivation in response to the sound of the tone is a conditioned response, as it is a learned behavior that is the result of a previously neutral stimulus (the tone) being associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food).

Question 12

A child's learned fear of the mere sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The fear of a hypodermic needle that a child has learned through association with painful injections is considered a conditioned response. This is because the fear is not innate but rather has been learned through experience, where the needle (a previously neutral stimulus) becomes associated with something that naturally causes pain (an unconditioned stimulus), leading to a learned (conditioned) fear response.

Question 13

According to the text,learning involves

Accepted Answer

The text states that learning involves a "relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience." This aligns with the definition of learning in psychology as a process by which behavior or knowledge is acquired or modified through experience, and this change is relatively permanent. Choice A (ability to think abstractly) is not necessarily a requirement for all types of learning. Choice C (development of prosocial behavior) is a specific type of learning outcome, but not the definition of learning itself. Choice D (reduction in spontaneous recovery) is a concept related to the extinction of learned behavior, but not the definition of learning itself.

Question 14

In classical conditioning,a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not elicit any response before conditioning. It only becomes a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 15

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,the US was

Accepted Answer

The US, or unconditioned stimulus, in Pavlov's experiments was the presentation of food in the dog's mouth. This is what caused the dogs to naturally salivate, without any previous conditioning.

Question 16

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

Accepted Answer

The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is referred to as acquisition. Conditioning occurs during the acquisition phase as the flatworm learns to connect the light with the electric shock. Shaping involves teaching a more complex behavior, generalization is a phenomenon whereby an organism reacts to similar stimuli in the same way it does to the initial stimulus, and spontaneous recovery is the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear after a period of extinction.

Question 17

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example,the loud noise is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The loud noise naturally elicits a response without prior conditioning, making it an unconditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is something that triggers a response naturally, without any need for learning.

Question 18

Last year,Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

Accepted Answer

Natacha's fear of rubbing alcohol is a response that has been classically conditioned through the pairing of the smell of rubbing alcohol with the painful experience of receiving a rabies shot. Over time, the conditioned response (fear) has become associated with the conditioned stimulus (smell of rubbing alcohol) and is elicited upon exposure to the stimulus, even in the absence of the aversive event (receiving a shot).

Question 19

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of a lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious,mouth-watering meal. Later,when Gavin was given a tour of the property,he drooled with delight. For Gavin,the lakeshore property was a

Accepted Answer

The pictures of the lakeshore property were initially neutral stimuli and did not elicit a response from Gavin. However, after being paired with the appetizing meal, they became associated with the pleasurable experience of eating and gained the ability to elicit the salivary response. Therefore, the pictures of the property became a conditioned stimulus (CS) for Gavin's salivation response.

Question 20

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Accepted Answer

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, using dogs as his subjects.

Quiz 23: The Roots of Prejudice