Deck 15: Nonparametric Tests

Question 1

Nonparametric statistical tests should be used when.

A)the population distribution is normal
B)the variances of scores are equal in the populations sampled
C)the dependent variable achieves interval measurement
D)measures of the dependent variables are heavily skewed

Answer 1

D

Question 2

15-10 A rows-by-columns contingency table is analyzed with a.

A)chi-square test of independence
B)chi-square goodness-of-fit test
C)Mann-Whitney U test
D)Wilcoxon signed-ranks test

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A nonparametric statistical test should be used when.

A)the population distributions are normal
B)more than two groups are compared
C)the values of the independent variable are skewed
D)the dependent variable represents either nominal or ordinal measurement

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Nonparametric statistical tests should be used when the.

A)assumptions of parametric tests are not met
B)population distribution is normal
C)variances of scores are equal in the populations sampled
D)dependent variable achieves interval measurement

Question 5

15-11 If a 3 × 3 contingency table is presented, then you know that a study used variables each with categories.

A)three; two
B)two; three
C)three; three
D)nine; three

Question 6

Nonparametric tests also are referred to as free tests.

A)distribution
B)measurement
C)definition
D)parameter

Question 7

15-13 Frequencies obtained in a rows-by-columns contingency table assuming the row and column categorizations are independent or unrelated are called frequencies.

A)expected
B)marginal
C)total
D)observed

Question 8

A two-way contingency table is analyzed with a.

A)chi-square goodness-of-fit test
B)chi-square test of independence
C)Mann-Whitney U test
D)Wilcoxon signed-ranks test

Question 9

The chi-square test of independence is used to analyze.

A)medians
B)skewness
C)frequency data
D)continuous measurements

Question 10

15-18 Which of the following is an appropriate alternative hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence?

A)The means of populations A and B are unequal.
B)The row and column variables are related in the population.
C)The mean of the population is not equal to the mean of the sample.
D)The distribution of scores for population A is different from the distribution of scores for population B.

Question 11

15-14 Which of the following are compared in a chi-square test of independence?

A)Means from two independent groups.
B)Medians from one group of subjects for two treatment conditions.
C)Ranked scores for two independent groups.
D)Observed frequencies and expected frequencies of occurrence of a behavior or event.

Question 12

15-19 If H0 is true in a chi-square test of independence, then the expected and observed.

A)means in a cell of a contingency table should be about equal
B)standard deviations in a cell of a contingency table should be about equal
C)frequencies in a cell of a contingency table should be unequal
D)frequencies in a cell of a contingency table should be about equal

Question 13

15-20 To meet the assumptions for use of the chi-square test of independence, the minimum expected frequency for any cell in a 2 x 2 contingency table should not be less than.

A)2
B)5
C)10
D)a value determined by multiplying the marginals

Question 14

Nonparametric statistical tests are used when.

A)the population distribution is normal
B)the variances of scores are equal in the populations sampled
C)measurements represent either nominal or ordinal scales
D)the dependent variable achieves interval measurement

Question 15

A table arranged in rows and columns and used in a chi-square test of independence is called a table.

A)histogram
B)contingency
C)frequency
D)marginal

Question 16

15-16 The chi-square test of independence compares to.

A)sample means; population means
B)sample marginals; population marginals
C)observed frequencies; expected frequencies
D)sample frequencies; population frequencies

Question 17

15-15 Observed frequencies of occurrence of a behavior or event are compared to expected frequencies of occurrence of the behavior or event in a(n).

A)chi-square test of independence
B)analysis of variance
C)tind test
D)Mann-Whitney U test

Question 18

The chi-square test of independence is used to analyze.

A)medians
B)scores at the nominal level of measurement
C)skewness
D)continuous measurements

Question 19

15-17 Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence?

A)The row and column variables are independent in the population.
B)The means of populations A and B are equal.
C)The mean of the population is equal to the mean of the sample.
D)The distribution of scores for population A is identical to the distribution of scores for population B.

Question 20

15-12 The row totals and the column totals in a two-way frequency table are called frequencies.

A)outside
B)peripheral
C)expected
D)marginal

Question 21

15-30 When the chi-square statistic is used to analyze the frequencies of a single variable, it is referred to as a test of.

A)association
B)covariation
C)goodness-of-fit
D)independence

Question 22

15-40 The Mann-Whitney U test is the nonparametric analog of the.

A)trel
B)two-factor between-subjects analysis of variance
C)tind
D)one-factor within-subjects analysis of variance

Question 23

15-31 If frequency of response is categorized along only one dimension, then which of these statistical tests should be used to analyze the data?

A)Chi-square goodness-of-fit test
B)One-factor between-subjects analysis of variance
C)tind
D)Chi-square test of independence

Question 24

15-37 If the results of a study using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test are summarized as χ2 (4, N = 120) = 25.95, p < .05, then you would know that the total number of participants used was and the null hypothesis was.

A)121; rejected
B)121; not rejected
C)120;rejected
D)122; rejected

Question 25

15-24 If you were to analyze data for a 3 × 4 contingency table, then the critical value of chi- square would be based on degrees of freedom.

A)12
B)11
C)5
D)6

Question 26

15-27 The expected frequency within a cell in a contingency table for a chi-square test of independence is determined by.

A)multiplying the marginals for the cell and dividing by N
B)multiplying the marginals for the cell and dividing by the frequency in the cell
C)summing the marginals for the cell and dividing by N
D)summing the marginals for the cell and dividing by the frequency in the cell

Question 27

15-38 Which of the following tests is most appropriate for analyzing scores obtained from a between-subjects design with ordinal measures of the dependent variable?

A)tind.
B)Wilcoxon signed-ranks test.
C)Chi-square test of independence.
D)Mann-Whitney U test.

Question 28

15-21 To meet the assumptions for use of the chi-square test of independence, the minimum expected frequency for any cell in a contingency table larger than 2 x 2 should not be less than.

A)2
B)5
C)10
D)a value determined by multiplying the marginals

Question 29

15-39 The Mann-Whitney U test is appropriate for analyzing data from a design using levels of an independent variable.

A)within-subjects; two
B)within-subjects; three or more
C)between-subjects; two
D)between-subjects; three or more

Question 30

15-23 In a 2 × 3 chi-square test of independence, the degrees of freedom are determined by.

Question 31

15-22 For a two-way contingency table, the degrees of freedom for the chi-square test of independence are defined as.

Question 32

15-28 Which one of the following values of χ2 is most likely to fall into the rejection region for 1 df and alpha equal to .01?

A)0
B)-3.86
C)1.99
D)12.42

Question 33

15-29 You obtained a value of χ2 = -10.26 with 2 df. The critical value of χ² with 2 df is 5.99 with alpha equal to .05. In this case you would.

A)reject H0
B)fail to reject H0
C)know you made a mistake because χ2 cannot be negative
D)accept H1

Question 34

15-32 If the results of a study using the chi-square test of independence are summarized as χ2 (1, N = 100) = 8.32, p < .05, then you would know that the total number of participants used was and the null hypothesis was .

A)99; rejected
B)100; not rejected
C)100; rejected
D)101; rejected

Question 35

15-25 For a 2 × 2 contingency table, the sampling distribution of the chi-square statistic is based on df.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 36

15-35 If the results of a study using the chi-square test of independence are summarized as χ2 (2, N = 120) = 25.95, p < .05, then you would know that the χ2 was based on.

A)the score of 122 participants
B)a 2 × 2 contingency table
C)one categorization of responses
D)either a 3 × 2 or a 2 × 3 contingency table

Question 37

15-33 If the results of a study using the chi-square test of independence are summarized as χ2 (1, N = 57) = 1.15, p > .05, then you would know that the total number of participants used was and the null hypothesis was.

A)57; rejected
B)57; not rejected
C)58; rejected
D)58; not rejected

Question 38

15-34 If the results of a study using the chi-square test of independence are summarized as χ2 (1, N = 57) = 1.15, p > .05, then you would know that the χ² was based on.

A)the score of 58 participants
B)a 2 × 2 contingency table
C)one categorization of responses
D)either a 3 × 2 or a 2 × 3 contingency table

Question 39

15-26 For a 2 × 3 contingency table, the sampling distribution of the chi-square statistic is based on df.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)6

Question 40

15-36 If the results of a study using the chi-square goodness-of-fit test are summarized as χ2 (4, N = 120) = 25.95, p < .05, then you would know that.

A)five categorizations of responses were used
B)four categorizations of responses were used
C)three categorizations of responses were used
D)a 2 × 2 contingency table was used

Question 41

15-43 The statistic used in the Mann-Whitney test is.

A)t
B)F
C)χ2
D)U

Question 42

15-41 The computations of the Mann-Whitney U test are performed on scores representing at least level of measurement.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 43

15-44 The U statistic is the.

A)number of times that the rank of a score in one group precedes the rank of a score in the other group
B)smaller of two sums of ranks from two treatment conditions
C)sum of the difference between observed and expected frequencies
D)ratio of two independent variance estimates

Question 44

15-46 The U statistic is derived by comparing score for groups.

A)frequencies; two
B)frequencies; three or more
C)rankings; two
D)rankings; three or more

Question 45

15-42 The Mann-Whitney U test is used to analyze data that represent measurement from between-subjects experiments using levels of an independent variable.

A)interval; two
B)ordinal; two
C)interval; three or more
D)ordinal; three or more