Question 1

Nonparametric statistical tests should be used when.
A)the population distribution is normal
B)the variances of scores are equal in the populations sampled
C)the dependent variable achieves interval measurement
D)measures of the dependent variables are heavily skewed

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric statistical tests should be used when measures of the dependent variables are heavily skewed, as they do not assume that the data comes from a particular distribution.

Question 2

A rows-by-columns contingency table is analyzed with a.
A)chi-square test of independence
B)chi-square goodness-of-fit test
C)Mann-Whitney U test
D)Wilcoxon signed-ranks test

Accepted Answer

A rows-by-columns contingency table is typically used to assess the relationship between two categorical variables, and the appropriate test for this type of analysis is a chi-square test of independence. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to assess whether the distribution of one variable conforms to a specified theoretical distribution, and the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests are used to compare two independent or related samples of continuous data, respectively.

Question 3

A nonparametric statistical test should be used when.
A)the population distributions are normal
B)more than two groups are compared
C)the values of the independent variable are skewed
D)the dependent variable represents either nominal or ordinal measurement

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests are best suited for variables that represent nominal or ordinal measurement, which do not assume a normal distribution. Thus, option D is the correct answer.

Question 4

Nonparametric statistical tests should be used when the.
A)assumptions of parametric tests are not met
B)population distribution is normal
C)variances of scores are equal in the populations sampled
D)dependent variable achieves interval measurement

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests should be used when the assumptions of parametric tests are not met, such as when the sample size is small or the data is not normally distributed. Nonparametric tests do not require the same assumptions as parametric tests and are therefore more appropriate in these situations. Choice B is incorrect because nonparametric tests are not dependent on the normality of the population distribution. Choice C is incorrect because equal variances are an assumption of parametric tests, not nonparametric tests. Choice D is incorrect because achieving interval measurement is a characteristic of the dependent variable, not a consideration for choosing between parametric and nonparametric tests.

Question 5

If a 3 × 3 contingency table is presented, then you know that a study used variables each with categories.
A)three; two
B)two; three
C)three; three
D)nine; three

Accepted Answer

A 3 × 3 contingency table involves two variables, each of which has three categories. This table is used to analyze the relationship between these two categorical variables.

Question 6

Nonparametric tests also are referred to as free tests.
A)distribution
B)measurement
C)definition
D)parameter

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests are called free tests because they do not rely on any specific assumptions about the distribution of the data. Parametric tests, on the other hand, assume that the data follows a specific distribution (such as normal distribution) and are more restrictive in their use.

Question 7

Frequencies obtained in a rows-by-columns contingency table assuming the row and column categorizations are independent or unrelated are called frequencies.
A)expected
B)marginal
C)total
D)observed

Accepted Answer

Expected frequencies are the frequencies that would be expected in a contingency table assuming the row and column variables are independent. Marginal frequencies refer to the totals of rows or columns, and total frequencies refer to the overall total frequencies in the entire table. Observed frequencies are the actual frequencies that are obtained in the sample data.

Question 8

A two-way contingency table is analyzed with a.
A)chi-square goodness-of-fit test
B)chi-square test of independence
C)Mann-Whitney U test
D)Wilcoxon signed-ranks test

Accepted Answer

A two-way contingency table involves studying the relationship between two categorical variables. The chi-square test of independence is used to determine if there is a significant association between the two variables. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to compare the observed frequencies in a single categorical variable with expected frequencies based on a distribution. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test are non-parametric tests used to compare two independent or paired samples, respectively, and are not appropriate for analyzing contingency tables.

Question 9

The chi-square test of independence is used to analyze.
A)medians
B)skewness
C)frequency data
D)continuous measurements

Accepted Answer

The chi-square test of independence is used for analyzing frequency data. It determines whether there is a significant relationship between two categorical variables. It compares the observed frequency distribution with the expected frequency distribution assuming that there is no association between the variables. If the observed distribution significantly deviates from the expected distribution, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the variables.

Question 10

Which of the following is an appropriate alternative hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence?
A)The means of populations A and B are unequal.
B)The row and column variables are related in the population.
C)The mean of the population is not equal to the mean of the sample.
D)The distribution of scores for population A is different from the distribution of scores for population B.

Accepted Answer

The appropriate alternative hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence should state that the row and column variables are related in the population. Option A describes an alternative hypothesis for a t-test or ANOVA, option C describes an alternative hypothesis for a one sample t-test or z-test, and option D describes an alternative hypothesis for a two sample t-test or z-test.

Question 11

Which of the following are compared in a chi-square test of independence?
A)Means from two independent groups.
B)Medians from one group of subjects for two treatment conditions.
C)Ranked scores for two independent groups.
D)Observed frequencies and expected frequencies of occurrence of a behavior or event.

Accepted Answer

In a chi-square test of independence, observed frequencies and expected frequencies of occurrence of a behavior or event are compared to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables.

Question 12

If H0 is true in a chi-square test of independence, then the expected and observed.
A)means in a cell of a contingency table should be about equal
B)standard deviations in a cell of a contingency table should be about equal
C)frequencies in a cell of a contingency table should be unequal
D)frequencies in a cell of a contingency table should be about equal

Accepted Answer

If H0 is true in a chi-square test of independence, then there should be no significant difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies. This means that the frequencies in a cell of a contingency table should be about equal since the expected frequencies are calculated based on the assumption of equal proportions. Choice A is incorrect because the means are not relevant in a chi-square test of independence. Choice B is incorrect because standard deviations are not used in this test. Choice C is incorrect because the frequencies should be roughly equal for H0 to be true.

Question 13

To meet the assumptions for use of the chi-square test of independence, the minimum expected frequency for any cell in a 2 x 2 contingency table should not be less than.
A)2
B)5
C)10
D)a value determined by multiplying the marginals

Accepted Answer

The answer of To meet the assumptions for use of...

Question 14

Nonparametric statistical tests are used when.
A)the population distribution is normal
B)the variances of scores are equal in the populations sampled
C)measurements represent either nominal or ordinal scales
D)the dependent variable achieves interval measurement

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric statistical tests are used when the measurements represent either nominal or ordinal scales, meaning the data is not normally distributed or does not have equal variances. Parametric statistical tests, on the other hand, require normally distributed data and equal variances. Therefore, the best choice for when to use nonparametric tests is when the data does not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

Question 15

A table arranged in rows and columns and used in a chi-square test of independence is called a table.
A)histogram
B)contingency
C)frequency
D)marginal

Accepted Answer

A contingency table displays the joint distribution of two variables in a tabular format. It is commonly used in a chi-square test of independence to examine if there is a statistically significant relationship between the two variables. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Options A and C are incorrect as they refer to other types of statistical graphical tools, and option D is incorrect as marginal refers to the values in the margins of a contingency table.

Question 16

The chi-square test of independence compares to.
A)sample means; population means
B)sample marginals; population marginals
C)observed frequencies; expected frequencies
D)sample frequencies; population frequencies

Accepted Answer

The chi-square test of independence compares observed frequencies (the actual data collected in the study) to expected frequencies (what would be expected if there were no true association between the two variables being studied). The purpose of the test is to determine whether or not there is a significant association between the two variables, which can then be used to make inferences about the population.

Question 17

Observed frequencies of occurrence of a behavior or event are compared to expected frequencies of occurrence of the behavior or event in a(n).
A)chi-square test of independence
B)analysis of variance
C)tind test
D)Mann-Whitney U test

Accepted Answer

The chi-square test of independence is used to compare the observed frequencies of an event or behavior to the expected frequencies of that event or behavior, making it the best choice for this scenario. The other tests listed do not involve comparing observed and expected frequencies of occurrence.

Question 18

The chi-square test of independence is used to analyze.
A)medians
B)scores at the nominal level of measurement
C)skewness
D)continuous measurements

Accepted Answer

The chi-square test of independence is used to analyze associations between two categorical variables at the nominal level of measurement, such as gender and occupation or political affiliation and voting behavior. It is not used for continuous measurements such as medians or scores.

Question 19

Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence?
A)The row and column variables are independent in the population.
B)The means of populations A and B are equal.
C)The mean of the population is equal to the mean of the sample.
D)The distribution of scores for population A is identical to the distribution of scores for population B.

Accepted Answer

A chi-square test of independence is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables. The appropriate null hypothesis for this test is that the row and column variables (i.e. the two categorical variables being compared) are independent in the population. This means that there is no relationship between the two variables in the population and any observed relationship in the sample is due to chance. The other options (B, C, and D) are null hypotheses for other statistical tests and are not appropriate for a chi-square test of independence.

Question 20

The row totals and the column totals in a two-way frequency table are called frequencies.
A)outside
B)peripheral
C)expected
D)marginal

Accepted Answer

The row and column totals in a two-way frequency table are known as marginal frequencies.

Quiz 15: Nonparametric Tests

Nonparametric statistical tests should be used when.

A rows-by-columns contingency table is analyzed with a.

A nonparametric statistical test should be used when.

Nonparametric statistical tests should be used when the.

If a 3 × 3 contingency table is presented, then you know that a study used variables each with categories.

Nonparametric tests also are referred to as free tests.

Frequencies obtained in a rows-by-columns contingency table assuming the row and column categorizations are independent or unrelated are called frequencies.

A two-way contingency table is analyzed with a.

The chi-square test of independence is used to analyze.

Which of the following is an appropriate alternative hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence?

Which of the following are compared in a chi-square test of independence?

If H0 is true in a chi-square test of independence, then the expected and observed.

To meet the assumptions for use of the chi-square test of independence, the minimum expected frequency for any cell in a 2 x 2 contingency table should not be less than.

Nonparametric statistical tests are used when.

A table arranged in rows and columns and used in a chi-square test of independence is called a table.

The chi-square test of independence compares to.

Observed frequencies of occurrence of a behavior or event are compared to expected frequencies of occurrence of the behavior or event in a(n) .

The chi-square test of independence is used to analyze.

Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis for a chi-square test of independence?

The row totals and the column totals in a two-way frequency table are called frequencies.