Deck 5: Anxiety and Related Disorders

Question 1

The textbook cites research support for the following interpersonal factors as being involved in the anxiety and anxiety-related disorders:

A)parenting style / attachment style; parental criticism,overprotection,and control; peer victimization experiences in childhood
B)harsh and inconsistent punishment; peer victimization experiences in early childhood
C)coercive parental discipline techniques; over-crowded early social environment
D)at least one parent with an anxiety disorder; over-crowded early social environment
E)at least one parent with an anxiety disorder; early peer victimization

Answer 1

parenting style / attachment style; parental criticism,overprotection,and control; peer victimization experiences in childhood

Question 2

Panic is defined as an extreme------------------reaction that is triggered by a(n)---------------.

A)anxiety; future-oriented threat
B)emotional; perceived threat
C)fear; false alarm
D)anxiety; false alarm
E)emotional; imagined threat

Answer 2

fear; false alarm

Question 3

Approximately----------------%of the population may be expected to develop an anxiety or anxiety-related disorder at some point in their lives.

A)10
B)40
C)25
D)55
E)90

Answer 3

25

Question 4

Though panic attacks can occur in a variety of other disorders,in panic disorder they occur

A)more intensely.
B)predictably.
C)for longer periods of time.
D)more frequently.
E)spontaneously.

Question 5

The term-------------------refers to the fact that people prone to panic attacks tend to catastrophically misinterpret arousal-related bodily sensations.

A)panic sensitivity
B)alarm sensitivity
C)anxiety sensitivity
D)panic catastrophizing
E)anxiety catastrophizing

Question 6

Clark's model of panic postulates that panic attacks arise from

A)catastrophic misinterpretation of arousal-related bodily sensations.
B)the correct interpretation of bodily sensations.
C)raised levels of norepinephrine.
D)previous conditioning experiences.
E)lowered levels of norepinephrine.

Question 7

Support for the two-factor theory of fear was found in the case of--------------who developed a fear of---------------.

A)Little Albert,spiders
B)Little Hans; horses
C)Little Albert; horses
D)Little Albert; rats
E)Little Hans; spiders

Question 8

Heather avoids situations such as travelling far from home,being alone in or outside the home and going into crowded places.Judging from this description,which of the following terms best encapsulates her behaviour?

A)Agoraphobia
B)Social anxiety disorder
C)Specific phobia
D)Panic attacks
E)Generalized anxiety

Question 9

With regard to neurotransmitters involved in fear / anxiety

A)serotonergic circuits are primarily involved.
B)dopamine agonists increase the fear / anxiety response in animals.
C)the roles of GABA,norepinephrine and serotonin are the most studied.
D)Only GABA has been well studied but others are thought to be involved.
E)GABA's function in the brain is processing threat-related stimuli.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true of panic disorder?

A)It afflicts more males than females.
B)People having panic attacks often feel they are having a heart attack.
C)The average age of onset is 25 years.
D)It is often underdiagnosed by heath care professionals.
E)It is often comorbid with other mental disorders.

Question 11

References to anxiety have been made since--------------- ,with the first references being made by--------------------- about------------------ .

A)Victorian era; Freud; a woman who feared men with cigars
B)the Middle Ages; Paraclesus; people who feared possession
C)the 18th century; Pinel; a patient with apparent agoraphobia
D)late 1800's; Kraeplin; a patient with apparent OCD-related disorder
E)beginning of history; Hippocrates; a man who feared flute music

Question 12

The role of GABA in anxiety was discovered after it was found that a class of drugs known as------------------reduce anxiety through their action on GABA.

A)tricyclics
B)benzodiazepines
C)SSRIs
D)bicyclics
E)monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 13

The onset of panic disorder is typically

A)around childhood.
B)around late adolescence or young adulthood.
C)near late adulthood.
D)early to middle adulthood.
E)variable.

Question 14

Cognitive factors involved in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders include:

A)dysfunctional attitudes,beliefs and thinking abilities.
B)maladaptive attitudes,beliefs and interpretive biases.
C)maladaptive beliefs,schemas,attention and processing biases,and automatic thoughts.
D)over-exaggerations in terms of number and degree of threats to the self.
E)over-exaggerations only in terms of degree of threats to the self.

Question 15

According to the text,biological theories of anxiety emphasize all of the following except

A)neuroanatomy.
B)structural brain damage.
C)family history.
D)neurotransmitters.
E)genetics.

Question 16

Anxiety is distinguished from fear and panic because of the emphasis on---------------------.

A)fighting
B)the present
C)the past
D)the future
E)fleeing

Question 17

According to the two-factor theory of phobias,avoidance or escape serves as a-----------which prevents classically conditioned fears from being unlearned.

A)positive punisher
B)negative reinforcer
C)negative punisher
D)neutral stimulus
E)positive reinforcer

Question 18

The behavioural avoidance test (BAT)is used to measure and assess

A)agoraphobic avoidance.
B)derealization.
C)depersonalization.
D)paresthesias.
E)fear of dying.

Question 19

According to DSM-5,a(n)-------------is defined as a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by at least 4 of the 13 somatic,behavioural and cognitive symptoms listed (such as palpitations and fear of dying).

A)panic attack
B)anxiety attack
C)panic episode
D)acute attack
E)anxiety episode

Question 20

The neural circuit in fear / anxiety is believed to involve (from input to output):

A)sensory systems; frontal cortex; adrenal cortex; brain stem / spinal cord
B)sensory systems; thalamus; amygdala; hypothalamus; midbrain; brain stem / spinal
C)thalamus; hippocampus; basal ganglia; hypothalamus; brain stem / spinal
D)thalamus; occipital cortex; association cortex; motor cortex; brain stem/spinal
E)thalamus; temporal cortex; association cortex; motor cortex; brain stem / spinal

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the four clusters of symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder?

A)Recurrent re-experiencing of the traumatic event
B)Exposure to a traumatic event
C)Persistent symptoms of increased arousal
D)Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli
E)Repeated and unwanted thoughts

Question 22

The nonassociative model of phobias claims that

A)evolution endowed humans not to respond fearfully to any kind of stimuli and that learning was necessary for very specific phobias to develop.
B)evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli but that learning is necessary to develop the phobia.
C)evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli but that learning is not necessary to develop the phobia.
D)evolution endowed humans to respond fearfully to any kind of stimuli but that personal experience was necessary for a phobia to develop.
E)evolution endowed humans not to respond fearfully to any kind of stimuli and that personal experience is necessary for a phobia to develop.

Question 23

To qualify for a diagnosis of PTSD the individual must display symptoms for longer thanfollowing a traumatic event.

A)one year
B)1 month
C)3 months
D)6 months
E)five years

Question 24

With regard to panic and panic disorder,it is generally accepted that

A)unexpected panic attacks are not uncommon in the population.
B)unexpected panic attacks are quite rare in the population; the majority of those who experience them are eventually diagnosed with panic disorder,provided they meet additional criteria.
C)the frequency of panic attacks is normally distributed in the population; those with frequency in the upper 5% are diagnosed with panic disorder.
D)the intensity of panic attacks is normally distributed in the population; those with intensity in the upper 5th percentile are diagnosed with panic disorder.
E)panic attacks only occur in persons with panic disorder.

Question 25

If the equipotentiality premise concerning specific phobias is true,then it must also be true that

A)a person cannot be afraid of both dogs and doors.
B)only neutral stimuli that involve animals can become phobias.
C)classical conditioning cannot explain the development of phobias.
D)only a select number of stimuli are consistently related to phobias.
E)all neutral stimuli have the potential for becoming phobias.

Question 26

The concept of biological preparedness helps to explain why

A)learning to fear snakes is just as easy as learning to fear lamps.
B)it is impossible to develop two fears at the same time.
C)all stimuli have an equal potential for becoming specific phobias.
D)learning to fear snakes is easier than learning to fear lamps.
E)learning is not a necessary component in the development of phobias.

Question 27

Concerning the risk factors for the development of PTSDappear to be the most powerful predictors.

A)childhood factors
B)interpersonal traumas
C)post-event factors
D)psychiatric histories
E)pre-event factors

Question 28

are repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts performed in response to obsessions.

A)Repeats
B)Checks
C)Compulsions
D)Reiterations
E)Motor disturbances

Question 29

Cognitive factors associated with social anxiety disorder appear to involve

A)normal social information processing but negative beliefs about self and others.
B)abnormal social information processing despite generally positive beliefs about self and others.
C)abnormal social information processing.
D)abnormal social information processing and negative beliefs about self and others.
E)negative beliefs about self and others.

Question 30

Only theform of thought-action fusion (TAF)is considered to be a pathological OCD belief.

A)Likelihood-Other TAF
B)Likelihood-Self TAF
C)Moral TAF
D)Moral-Self TAF
E)Likelihood TAF

Question 31

Subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder include all of the following except:

A)Contamination and Washing/Cleaning
B)Hoarding
C)Ordering/Symmetry
D)Counting
E)Checking

Question 32

Research on disgust sensitivity supports the notion that

A)the fear of death is also an important component.
B)the cause of phobias may not always involve only fear of danger.
C)other emotions,such as anger,are necessary,for some phobias.
D)the cause of phobias must also always include a fear of contamination.
E)beliefs about being harmed are critical to the onset of some phobias.

Question 33

One of the symptoms of PTSD includes emotional numbing or

A)an inappropriate expression of emotion.
B)an inability to experience emotional feelings.
C)avoiding emotional feelings.
D)an inability to control emotions.
E)feelings of guilt.

Question 34

Jim has a strong fear of eating in restaurants,but otherwise does not experience anxiety.His correct diagnosis would probably be

A)agoraphobia.
B)non-generalized social anxiety disorder.
C)generalized anxiety disorder.
D)specific phobia.
E)panic disorder.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT one of the five specifiers of specific phobia listed in the DSM-5?

A)animal
B)specific situation
C)death
D)blood injection
E)environmental

Question 36

has a prevalence rate comparable to unipolar depression.

A)Social anxiety disorder
B)PTSD
C)Generalized anxiety disorder
D)OCD
E)Panic disorder

Question 37

With regard to PTSD,two important changes in DSM-5 include:

A)tighten the criteria such that fewer people can be diagnosed with PTSD; behaviorally specify a number of terms that are currently vague
B)add symptoms and behaviors to better incorporate the variety of reactions to trauma; distinguish between avoidance symptoms and negative alterations in cognition and mood
C)remove the criterion that the person be directly exposed to the traumatic event; create subtypes based on type of avoidance
D)increase the duration requirement to 2 months; broaden the way that impairment may manifest
E)increase the duration requirement to 6 months; broaden the way that impairment may manifest

Question 38

Behavioural or mental acts of neutralization appear to be

A)specific to OCD patients.
B)specific to male OCD patients.
C)specific to female OCD patients.
D)not common among OCD patients.
E)a normal and common activity.

Question 39

Research found that 92% of an adult sample of individuals withwere bullied or severely teased during childhood; this was at least twice as frequent as for
Or

A)social anxiety disorder; OCD; panic disorder
B)panic disorder; OCD; social anxiety disorder
C)social anxiety disorder; specific phobia; PTSD
D)specific phobia; social anxiety disorder; OCD
E)anxiety disorders; depression; bipolar mood disorders

Question 40

The idea that individuals with panic disorder catastrophically misinterpret their bodily sensations is most consistent with----------theories of panic disorder.

A)physiological-attribution
B)cognitive
C)physiological
D)biopsychological
E)bio-behavioral

Question 41

The rationale underlying systematic desensitization is that

A)anxiety is due to uncontrollable thoughts or worries.
B)anxiety is an outcome of an abnormally functioning HPA-axis.
C)anxiety is a learned or conditioned response.
D)anxiety is due to a history of child abuse.
E)anxiety is due to poor interpersonal skills.

Question 42

Both cognitive restructuring and exposure appear to be useful in the treatment of----------------disorder.

A)panic
B)obsessive-compulsive
C)generalized anxiety
D)social anxiety
E)phobic

Question 43

Worrying appears to help individuals with GAD avoid

A)panic attacks.
B)depression.
C)suicidal ideation.
D)physiological arousal.
E)stress.

Question 44

According to the Dugas,Gagnon,Ladouceur,and Freeston (1998)model of generalized anxiety disorder,which of the following is one of the key elements underlying the disorder?

A)excessive amounts of catecholamines
B)intolerance of uncertainty
C)thought-action fusions
D)poor interpersonal relations
E)catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily arousal

Question 45

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with generalized anxiety disorder?

A)muscle tension
B)sleep disturbance
C)irritability
D)fear of losing control or going crazy
E)restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge

Question 46

Worry imagery exposure was primarily developed for the treatment of------------.

A)social anxiety disorder
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)obsessive-compulsive disorder
D)specific phobia
E)panic disorder

Question 47

Virtual reality technologies have become particularly useful in

A)exposure therapies.
B)cognitive therapies.
C)psychodynamic therapy.
D)drug therapy.
E)cognitive and drug therapies.

Question 48

The most commonly used and effective medications for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders today are----------------.

A)antidepressants
B)the benzodiazepines
C)stimulants
D)antianxiety drugs
E)minor tranquilizers

Question 49

In the new DSM-5 anxiety and anxiety-related disorders have which three categories?

A)anxiety and related disorders; obsessive-compulsive-related disorders; and phobic disorders
B)anxiety and anxiety-related disorders; obsessive-compulsive-related disorders; trauma- related disorders
C)obsessive-compulsive-related disorders; trauma-related disorders; phobic disorders
D)anxiety and anxiety related disorders; trauma-related disorders; phobic disorders
E)anxiety-related disorders; phobic disorders; hoarding-related disorders

Question 50

Mythical and historical accounts of anxiety reactions date as far back as the existence of writing.

Question 51

----------treatments of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders tend to have lower relapse rates.

A)Pharmacological
B)Cognitive-behavioural
C)Humanistic
D)Existential
E)Psychoanalytic

Question 52

Many of the etiological models of GAD are primarilyin nature.

A)neuropsychological
B)genetic
C)biological
D)behavioural
E)cognitive

Question 53

----------------was the first psychological treatment to be thoroughly validated for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.

A)Psychoanalysis
B)Relaxation training
C)Exposure therapy
D)Hypnosis
E)Cognitive restructuring

Question 54

One commonly used technique in cognitive restructuring involves the use of

A)response prevention.
B)a fear hierarchy.
C)dual representation.
D)a thought record.
E)exposure.

Question 55

Family studies indicate that up to 50% of those suffering from anxiety and anxiety- related disorders have an immediate family member who also suffers from one as well.

Question 56

If a first degree relative has an anxiety and/or anxiety-related disorder,then the offspring have 4-6 times the risk of inheriting that specific anxiety disorder.

Question 57

Panic could be described as a "false alarm."

Question 58

A physiological marker of PTSD is

A)decreased cortisol secretion.
B)smaller frontal lobes.
C)a smaller hypothalamus.
D)increased cortisol secretion.
E)an enlarged hippocampus.

Question 59

For a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)the DSM-5 requires that the anxiety must be present more days than not for a period of at least

A)1 year.
B)6 weeks.
C)6 months.
D)6 days.
E)3 years.

Question 60

The main treatment for OCD and involves exposure and

A)worry exposure.
B)Ritual prevention.
C)interoceptive exposure.
D)worry behaviour prevention.
E)intense exposure.

Question 61

Specific parenting behaviors and styles have been associated with increased risk of anxiety and anxiety-related disorder.

Question 62

Anxiety and anxiety-related related disorders are the third most common mental disorder,second only to mood disorders and eating disorders.

Question 63

The equipotentiality premise,as it applies to phobias,is widely accepted as true.

Question 64

The amygdala can effectively process external (i.e.,fear-provoking)stimuli and determine its survival relevance without the influence of higher brain functioning.

Question 65

Research shows that Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing,which includes exposure,is significantly more effective than exposure alone.

Question 66

Research has shown that neutralizing occurs relatively often in people who do not have OCD.

Question 67

Obsessions are repetitive behaviors performed in response to repetitive,intrusive thoughts.

Question 68

It is possible to have a diagnosis of agoraphobia without history of panic disorder.

Question 69

Several researchers have examined the role of neurotransmitters and neuroanatomy in anxiety.Briefly discuss the role of one brain region and one neurotransmitter which have been studied.

Question 70

There is research support for mindfulness-based approaches to treating anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.

Question 71

Mowrer's two-factor theory satisfactorily explains why some stimuli (such as spiders)are more likely to become feared rather than others.

Question 72

We now know that GABA is the neurotransmitter system solely dedicated to the fear and anxiety response.

Question 73

Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder often avoid activities such as drinking coffee and having sex because they frequently misinterpret the resulting bodily sensations of arousal.

Question 74

Personality disorders are frequently present in more complex and severe cases of PTSD.

Question 75

Watson's two-factor model of fear and phobias proposes that fears are acquired through classical conditioning but maintained through operant conditioning.

Question 76

Individuals who are susceptible to anxiety and anxiety-related disorders do not appear to have atypical beliefs about the self,but have been found to have a number of distorted beliefs about specific threats in the environment.

Question 77

The theory behind Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing,a new method of treating anxiety and anxiety-related disorders is widely accepted.

Question 78

From a cognitive perspective,panic disorder involves catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations.

Question 79

Salkovskis proposed that cognitive intrusions develop into obsessions only when intrusions are appraised as posing a threat for which the person is personally responsible.

Question 80

Researchers hope to provide critical experimental tests of attachment vs.cognitive explanations of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,since these approaches are incompatible.