Question 1

The textbook cites research support for the following interpersonal factors as being involved in the anxiety and anxiety-related disorders:

Accepted Answer

The textbook cites research support for parenting style/attachment style; parental criticism, overprotection, and control; and peer victimization experiences in childhood as being involved in the anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. The other answer choices do not have research support as identified in the textbook.

Question 2

Panic is defined as an extreme------------------reaction that is triggered by a(n)---------------.

Accepted Answer

Panic is defined as an extreme fear reaction that is triggered by a false alarm. A false alarm can be an event or situation that appears threatening but is actually harmless, such as a loud noise being mistaken for a gunshot. This can lead to intense physical sensations and cognitive distortions that contribute to panic symptoms.

Question 3

Approximately----------------%of the population may be expected to develop an anxiety or anxiety-related disorder at some point in their lives.

Accepted Answer

Approximately 25% of the population may be expected to develop an anxiety or anxiety-related disorder at some point in their lives.

Question 4

Though panic attacks can occur in a variety of other disorders,in panic disorder they occur

Accepted Answer

Panic attacks in panic disorder occur spontaneously, without any particular trigger or warning.

Question 5

The term-------------------refers to the fact that people prone to panic attacks tend to catastrophically misinterpret arousal-related bodily sensations.

Accepted Answer

The term "anxiety sensitivity" specifically refers to the tendency to misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of imminent danger or catastrophic outcomes, which can trigger severe anxiety and panic attacks. Choices A, B, D, and E are either incorrect or insufficient in describing this phenomenon.

Question 6

Clark's model of panic postulates that panic attacks arise from

Accepted Answer

Clark's model of panic posits that panic attacks are triggered by a catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations that are connected to the fear of having a panic attack. In other words, individuals believe that normal sensations (e.g., rapid heartbeat, sweating) indicate a catastrophic event is happening (e.g., heart attack) leading to the onset of panic symptoms.

Question 7

Support for the two-factor theory of fear was found in the case of--------------who developed a fear of---------------.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of fear, which combines classical and operant conditioning, was supported by the case of Little Albert, who developed a fear of rats through a conditioning experiment conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner.

Question 8

Heather avoids situations such as travelling far from home,being alone in or outside the home and going into crowded places.Judging from this description,which of the following terms best encapsulates her behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Heather's behavior is indicative of agoraphobia, which is a fear of situations or places that might be difficult or embarrassing to escape from.

Question 9

With regard to neurotransmitters involved in fear / anxiety

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin all play important roles in the regulation of fear and anxiety. While dopamine agonists have been shown to increase anxiety in animals, serotonergic circuits do play a role in anxiety regulation but are not the primary neurotransmitter involved. While GABA's function in the brain can involve processing of threat-related stimuli, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in fear and anxiety regulation. Overall, choice C is the most accurate and comprehensive answer.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true of panic disorder?

Accepted Answer

Panic disorder actually afflicts more females than males, with a ratio of about 2:1.

Question 11

References to anxiety have been made since--------------- ,with the first references being made by--------------------- about------------------ .

Accepted Answer

Anxiety has been referenced since the beginning of history, with Hippocrates noting a case of a man who feared flute music.

Question 12

The role of GABA in anxiety was discovered after it was found that a class of drugs known as------------------reduce anxiety through their action on GABA.

Accepted Answer

Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that enhance the activity of GABA by binding to GABA receptors in the brain, resulting in decreased anxiety.

Question 13

The onset of panic disorder is typically

Accepted Answer

The onset of panic disorder is typically around late adolescence or young adulthood, with the distribution being slightly more common in women than men. While the onset can occur at any time, this is the most typical age range.

Question 14

Cognitive factors involved in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders include:

Accepted Answer

The cognitive factors involved in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders include maladaptive beliefs, schemas, attention and processing biases, and automatic thoughts. Dysfunctional and maladaptive attitudes, beliefs, and thinking abilities are also related to anxiety disorders, but choice C includes all of these factors and therefore is the best answer. Over-exaggerations in terms of number and degree of threats to the self may also be present, but this is not as comprehensive as choice C.

Question 15

According to the text,biological theories of anxiety emphasize all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The text states that biological theories of anxiety emphasize neuroanatomy, neurotransmitters, genetics, and family history. There is no mention of structural brain damage.

Question 16

Anxiety is distinguished from fear and panic because of the emphasis on---------------------.

Accepted Answer

Anxiety is defined by excessive and persistent worry or fear about future events or situations. Fear and panic, on the other hand, are often focused on the present moment or a specific trigger. While anxiety can sometimes relate to past experiences or trauma, it is primarily concerned with future possibilities. Therefore, the emphasis on the future distinguishes anxiety from fear and panic.

Question 17

According to the two-factor theory of phobias,avoidance or escape serves as a-----------which prevents classically conditioned fears from being unlearned.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of phobias posits that classical conditioning leads to the development of a phobia, and operant conditioning maintains it. Avoidance or escape behavior is reinforced by the removal (negative reinforcement) of the aversive stimulus (the feared object/situation), which serves to prevent the extinction of the classically conditioned fear response. Therefore, B (negative reinforcer) is the best choice.

Question 18

The behavioural avoidance test (BAT)is used to measure and assess

Accepted Answer

The behavioural avoidance test (BAT) is specifically designed to measure agoraphobic avoidance, which is the fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available in case of a panic attack or other physical symptoms. The BAT involves gradually exposing the person to feared situations and observing their level of avoidance or anxiety. It is not designed to measure symptoms such as derealization, depersonalization, paresthesias, or fear of dying, which may be associated with panic attacks but are not the primary focus of the BAT.

Question 19

According to DSM-5,a(n)-------------is defined as a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by at least 4 of the 13 somatic,behavioural and cognitive symptoms listed (such as palpitations and fear of dying).

Accepted Answer

DSM-5 defines panic attack as a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by at least 4 of the 13 somatic, behavioral and cognitive symptoms listed (such as palpitations and fear of dying). The term "anxiety attack" is not recognized in DSM-5 and is often used interchangeably with panic attack in colloquial language. The other choices, such as panic episode, acute attack, and anxiety episode, are not recognized or used commonly in clinical practice or in the DSM-5.

Question 20

The neural circuit in fear / anxiety is believed to involve (from input to output):

Accepted Answer

The neural circuit in fear/anxiety involves sensory systems sending input to the thalamus, which then relays information to the amygdala. The amygdala processes the emotional significance of the information and sends output to the hypothalamus, which triggers the body's stress response system, including activation of the adrenal gland. The midbrain is also involved in modulating the fear response, and the brain stem/spinal cord are responsible for the physical expression of fear/anxiety.

Quiz 5: Anxiety and Related Disorders