Question 1

A mechanism is

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

The theorist----------argued that the biomedical model of disease should be expanded to a biopsychosocial model.

Accepted Answer

George Engel argued that the biomedical model of disease, which focuses solely on biological factors, should be expanded to a biopsychosocial model, which includes biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and treating disease. Engel believed that a patient's illness could not be fully understood or treated without taking into account these additional factors.

Question 3

Perhaps the best known endocrine hormone system known to be highly responsive to psychosocial variables involves the

Accepted Answer

The HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis is a major endocrine hormone system that is highly responsive to psychosocial variables, such as stress. The hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) which signals the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn signals the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Cortisol is a stress hormone that regulates energy metabolism, immune function, and the body's response to stress. Psychosocial stressors can dysregulate the HPA axis and lead to changes in cortisol levels, which have been linked to a number of health problems including depression, anxiety, and immune dysfunction.

Question 4

Illness is defined by---------which are----------whereas disease is defined by that are-----------------.

Accepted Answer

Illness is defined by symptoms, which are subjective reports of internal states, whereas disease is defined by signs, which are objective indications of a specific process.

Question 5

The idea that psychological processes can affect bodily states

Accepted Answer

The concept that psychological processes can affect bodily states has a long history in western culture, with roots in ancient Greek medicine and philosophy, and is also deeply embedded in many other cultures around the world.

Question 6

It is increasingly recognized that---------------released during stress plays an important role in the development of abdominal obesity.

Accepted Answer

Cortisol is a hormone released by the adrenal glands during stress that can promote the accumulation of abdominal fat. This is because cortisol increases appetite, particularly for high-calorie foods, and can also lead to insulin resistance, which can result in increased fat storage in the abdominal area.

Question 7

------------is defined as the application of psychological methods and theories to understand origins of disease,individual responses to disease and the dimensions and determinants of good health.

Accepted Answer

Health Psychology is defined as the application of psychological methods and theories to understand the origins of disease, individual responses to disease, and the dimensions and determinants of good health. Behavioral medicine (B) is a similar field but also includes the use of medical interventions to treat health issues. Health physiology (C) is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of how the physical body functions in the context of health and disease. Biomedicine (D) is a broad field that encompasses all aspects of modern medicine, including basic science research, clinical practice, and public health. Psychosomatic medicine (E) is a subfield of psychiatry that focuses on the study of how mental and emotional factors can influence physical health.

Question 8

The body system responsive to psychosocial variables involved in the production of hormones is the

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system is responsible for the production and regulation of hormones, which can be influenced by psychosocial variables such as stress and emotions. The other options listed are not primarily involved in hormone production and regulation.

Question 9

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) prompts cells in the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol is a stress hormone that helps regulate metabolism, blood sugar levels, and immune response in the body.

Question 10

The difference between a sign and a symptom is

Accepted Answer

A sign is an objective indication of illness that can be observed by a healthcare provider, while a symptom is a subjective indication reported by the patient. Symptoms are often experienced but cannot be directly measured or observed by healthcare providers, making them mainly subjective. Signs tend to be more objective and observable by healthcare providers.

Question 11

When a sign involves the specific disruption of bodily tissue or normal function of a bodily system,these disruptions are called

Accepted Answer

Lesions are defined as any abnormality or damage within body tissue. They can be caused by a variety of factors, such as injury, infection, or disease. Lesions can affect different parts of the body and disrupt normal bodily functions. Examples of lesions include sores, blisters, tumors, and ulcers.

Question 12

Which of the following would most likely be considered a treatable problem in behavioural medicine?

Accepted Answer

Essential hypertension (high blood pressure without an underlying cause) is a condition that can be treated with behavioral medicine, such as lifestyle changes, stress reduction techniques, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Gallstones, stroke, cancer, and genetic cardiac arrhythmias are medical conditions that may require medical or surgical treatment.

Question 13

"Voodoo Death" is a phenomenon in which

Accepted Answer

"Voodoo Death" refers to instances where individuals die after believing they have been cursed, often due to the psychological and physiological stress that belief induces.

Question 14

Somatic symptom and related disorders involve psychological processes that give rise to apparent physical symptoms without a medical basis; psychological factors affecting medical conditions,in contrast

Accepted Answer

Somatic symptom and related disorders involve psychological processes that create physical symptoms without a medical explanation, while psychological factors affecting medical conditions involve psychological processes that affect bodily structures and functions with identifiable disturbances. This distinction highlights the presence or absence of a medical basis for the physical symptoms.

Question 15

Sympathetic is to parasympathetic system as

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are both parts of the autonomic nervous system and have opposing functions. The sympathetic system activates the "fight or flight" response, while the parasympathetic system promotes relaxation and digestion. Similarly, an accelerator is used to increase speed or activate the "fight or flight" response, while brakes are used to slow down or promote relaxation.

Question 16

The early years of research concerning the role of psychological processes on physical health were known as

Accepted Answer

The term psychosomatic medicine was coined in the early 1900s to describe the relationship between psychological processes and physical health. It was a field of study that aimed to understand the ways in which emotional, psychological, and social factors can affect a person's physical wellbeing.

Question 17

Glucocorticoids

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids have been indicated in the suppression of immune system function, making them useful in the treatment of autoimmune disorders and preventing rejection of transplanted organs. They do not cause inflammation and have not been indicated in the development of neuronal damage in the brain. While they may have some protective effects against atherosclerosis, they are not generally used for this purpose. The benefits of glucocorticoids depend on the specific condition being treated and the duration of treatment.

Question 18

The three body systems that are responsive to psychosocial variables are:

Accepted Answer

The autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system are all responsive to psychosocial variables.

Question 19

The brain structure that makes up part of the HPA axis is the

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is the brain structure that makes up part of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis. It signals the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which then stimulate the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands in response to stress.

Question 20

Most organs that are innervated by the sympathetic system

Accepted Answer

Most organs in the body are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, allowing for a balance of functions such as "fight or flight" responses and "rest and digest" activities.

Quiz 7: Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions