Deck 2: The History of Management

Question 1

One of Taylor's scientific management principles concerned how workers should be selected.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Management ideas and practices have been used from the earliest times of recorded history.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In the context of bureaucratic management, most employees would argue that bureaucratic managers emphasize punishment for noncompliance much more than rewards for compliance.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to Weber's bureaucratic management, people should lead by virtue of their rational-legal authority.

Question 5

According to the principles of scientific management, work and responsibility for the work, should be divided equally between workers and management.

Question 6

Henri Fayol classified management functions into five categories.

Question 7

According to Fayol's fourteen principles of management, esprit de corps is a source of major organizational conflict.

Question 8

The point of integrative conflict resolution is to have both parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both.

Question 9

Weber's concept of bureaucratic management supported qualification-based hiring and merit-based promotion.

Question 10

According to Chester Barnard, for many managerial requests or directives, there is a zone of indifference in which managers don't really care if the request is met or the directive is performed.

Question 11

Frederick Taylor was the father of systems management.

Question 12

Mary Parker Follett believed that managers could best deal with conflict through compromise.

Question 13

Technological management involves managing the production of goods and services.

Question 14

For most of humankind's history, people have commuted to and from their place of work.

Question 15

After the Industrial Revolution, jobs mostly occurred in large, formal organizations where hundreds of people worked under one roof.

Question 16

Time study allows each task or job to be broken down into separate motions. Once this is done, unnecessary or repetitive motions can be eliminated.

Question 17

A Gantt chart can be used to track informal communication paths.

Question 18

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth studied the psychology of groups.

Question 19

According to bureaucratic management principles, those higher in the chain of command do not have the right to give commands, take action, and make decisions concerning activities occurring anywhere below them in the chain.

Question 20

The Hawthorne Studies proved that financial incentives were not necessarily the most important motivator for workers.

Question 21

Daniel works at an electrical equipment manufacturing plant. He manages to produce eight units of equipment per day while his coworkers usually manage to produce only five per day. In this context, Daniel is the _____ among his coworkers.

A)​roadblock
B)​whistle blower
C)​rate buster
D)​bureaucrat
E)​social loafer

Question 22

How did the Industrial Revolution change jobs and organizations?

A)Cottage workers worked with each other out of small homes that were often built in a semicircle.
B)Managers realized the importance of synergistic tasks.
C)Managers realized the importance of customer relations.
D)Productivity fell at companies as workers focused on their singular tasks.
E)​Unskilled workers running machines began to replace high­paid, skilled artisans.

Question 23

Prior to the introduction of _____, five workers each given an identical task could use five different methods to perform the task with some methods being significantly more efficient than others.

A)contingency management
B)scientific management
C)bureaucratic management
D)information management
E)systems management

Question 24

​Which of the following was recommended by Gantt and Taylor?

A)​Companies should train and develop their workers.
B)​Companies should give higher incentives for better performance.
C)​Companies should give more facilities to their workers.
D)​Companies should cut down expenses as much as possible.
E)​Companies should always try and expand their business.

Question 25

A systems approach to management encourages managers to view each division as a separate, vital entity.

Question 26

Prior to the development of scientific management principles, workers whose work pace was significantly faster than the normal pace in their work group were known as _____ and were often unpopular with their fellow workers.

A)pace­setters
B)managerial accommodators
C)actualizers
D)rate busters
E)halo workers

Question 27

One of the objectives of the motion study conducted by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth was to:

A)extend the duration of time required to complete a task.
B)increase the number of motions required to complete a task.
C)​foster soldering among workers.
D)allow workers to perform several tasks instead of one.
E)improve productivity of workers.

Question 28

One of the advantages of a systems view of management is that it forces managers to be aware of how the environment affects specific parts of the organization.

Question 29

One of the most commonly used operations management tools is cognitive mapping, which is used to better understand the psychology of the workers.

Question 30

Which of the following is Gantt's approach to training?​

A)​A reward for a teacher if a pupil is successful
B)​A scientific investigation in detail of each piece of work
C)​Determination of the longest time in which a piece of work can be done
D)A ​reward for a pupil even if he or she is unsuccessful
E)​Determination of the least effective method in which a piece of work can be done

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT part of the principles of scientific management?

A)Use group dynamics to ensure organizational goals are met.
B)Give employees rest breaks throughout the day.
C)Find the one best way for doing each task.
D)Divide the work and the responsibility equally between management and workers.
E)Scientifically select, train, teach, and develop workers to help them reach their potential.

Question 32

According to the systems approach to management, an open system can function without interacting with its environment.

Question 33

The contingency approach to management holds that there is not one best way to manage an organization.

Question 34

Which of the following management processes is used to determine how workers can perform their tasks more efficiently?

A)Time and motion studies
B)Resource assessments
C)Workload analyses
D)Systems analyses
E)Cost­benefit analyses

Question 35

Which of the following is the goal of scientific management?

A)To make sure workers do not consider their work monotonous or repetitive.
B)​To find the one best way to perform each task.
C)To decrease wages for individual workers.
D)To find different ways to motivate workers.
E)To eliminate conflict between workers and management.

Question 36

_____ occurs when workers deliberately slow down their pace or restrict their work output.

A)Job loitering
B)Chugging
C)Reinforcing
D)Lagging
E)Soldiering

Question 37

​Which of the following does a Gantt chart visually indicate?

A)​The hierarchy existing in an organization
B)​The resources required to perform different tasks
C)​The performance of each employee
D)​The time in which each task should be completed for a project
E)​The profits and losses incurred by the various projects in an organization

Question 38

Because of Eli Whitney's ideas for increasing production in a gun- manufacturing operation, most products are manufactured today using standardized, interchangeable parts.

Question 39

Which of the following is a similarity between Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's and Frederick Taylor's approaches to management?

A)​​Both approaches involved the use of motion picture films to determine task difficulty.
B)Both approaches were aimed at simplifying work in an organization.
C)​Both approaches focused on the motions associated with different tasks.
D)​Both approaches increased the time and effort required for different tasks.
E)​Both approaches were aimed at increasing soldering among workers.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true about the Gantt chart?

A)It is a precursor to the organizational chart.
B)It is used for continuous training of front­line employees.
C)It was a major tool of early scientific managers and is not widely used today.
D)It was an early method for breaking jobs down into their smallest common denominator.
E)It is a table that shows what tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project.

Question 41

Which of the following types of management was developed by Henry Fayol?

A)Bureaucratic management
B)Administrative management
C)Operations management
D)Contingency management
E)Human relations management

Question 42

​According to Henri Fayol, which of the following is the process of inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals?

A)​Leading
B)​Dominating
C)​Controlling
D)​Organizing
E)​Planning

Question 43

According to human relations management _____.

A)success follows from strict adherence to the chain of command principle
B)effective managers must be able to perform all four managerial functions simultaneously
C)success depends on treating workers well
D)efficiency equals organizational success
E)people are simply extensions of the machines they operate

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true about bureaucracy?

A)It is based on the theory of behavioral reinforcement.
B)It allows political connections to determine an individual's power base within organizations.
C)It allows people to lead by virtue of their rational­ legal authority.
D)It is the exercise of control by virtue of family connections.
E)It relies on scheduled, periodic corrective actions to operate at its most efficient.

Question 45

According to bureaucratic management, which of the following is a criterion on which employees should be promoted?​

A)​Relations with the managers
B)​Personal appearance
C)​Experience or achievements
D)​Relations with the organizational owner
E)​Political influence

Question 46

​According to bureaucratic management, employees should be hired on the basis of _____.

A)​relation of an applicant with an employer
B)​the political influence of an applicant
C)​educational background of an applicant
D)​personal appearance of an applicant
E)the ​budget of a company

Question 47

_____ focuses on the psychological and social aspects of work.

A)Bureaucratic management
B)Human relations management
C)Scientific management
D)Systems management
E)Operations management

Question 48

​Mark, a manager at a food processing company, notices that the productivity of the workers has gone down. He determines the reason as lack of motivation to perform their tasks. He gives a pep talk to the employees hoping to inspire them to perform their tasks more efficiently. In this context, Mark is performing the _____ function of management.

A)​controlling
B)​leading
C)​organizing
D)​planning
E)​dominating

Question 49

Which of the following management theorists helped develop human relations management?

A)Max Weber
B)Mary Parker Follett
C)Henri Fayol
D)Frederick Taylor
E)Henry Gantt

Question 50

According to Henri Fayol, _____ is monitoring progress toward goal achievement and taking corrective action when needed​.

A)​compromising
B)​leading
C)​planning
D)​organizing
E)​controlling

Question 51

A manager at Westworld Inc. is keeping a close eye on the progress of each of his employees toward the completion of a project. He often intervenes and makes corrections when needed. In this context, which of the following managerial functions is he performing?​

A)​Coercing
B)​Leading
C)Controlling
D)​Organizing
E)​​Planning

Question 52

According to Mary Parker Follett, _____ is an approach for dealing with conflict in which one party satisfies its desires and objectives at the expense of the other party's desires and objectives.

A)coercion
B)resolution
C)integration
D)negotiation
E)​domination

Question 53

_____ developed the five functions of managers and the fourteen principles of management.

A)Henri Fayol
B)Max Weber
C)Frank Gilbreth
D)Elton Mayo
E)Mary Parker Follett

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT associated with Max Weber's bureaucratic management?

A)Merit­based promotion
B)Span of management
C)Division of labor
D)Chain of command
E)Qualification­based hiring

Question 55

Which of the following is an element of bureaucratic organizations?​

A)​Tasks, responsibilities, and authority are not divided clearly.
B)Promotion within a company is based on who one knows.
C)​The owners of an organization should manage or supervise the organization.
D)​Rules and procedures do not apply to someone in a high position.
E)​Employees are hired on the basis of their technical training or educational background.

Question 56

Identify the three ways in which Mary Parker Follett believed managers typically deal with conflict.

A)Domination, compromise, and integration
B)Accommodation, mediation, and coercion
C)Coercion, mediation, and integration
D)Administration, coercion, and negotiation
E)Facilitation, mediation, and coercion

Question 57

​Trisurf Inc. has recruited some new employees and one of the managers is making a decision on the tasks that should be allocated to each of them based on their experience and knowledge. He is also making a decision on who each one of them should work under. In this context, the manager is performing the _____ function of management.

A)​dominating
B)​leading
C)​controlling
D)organizing
E)planning

Question 58

Which of the following is true about Max Weber's bureaucracy's chain of command?​

A)People in lower positions are protected by a grievance procedure.
B)​Organizational owners have the right to hire and fire employees.
C)​People in lower positions do not have a right to appeal.
D)​Each position is not accountable to a higher position.
E)​Organizational owners decide who is promoted.

Question 59

According to bureaucratic management, _____ should supervise the organization.​

A)​owners
B)​business partners
C)​customers
D)​shareholders
E)​managers

Question 60

According to Weber, _____ is the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge.

A)coaction
B)​compromise
C)​unity of command
D)​​bureaucracy
E)​synergy

Question 61

Chester Barnard defined a(n) ____ as "a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons."

A)bureaucracy
B)department
C)work unit
D)organization
E)administration

Question 62

During the Bank Wiring Room phase of the Hawthorne Studies, Elton Mayo witnessed behavior reminiscent of the _____ that Frederick Taylor observed during his studies.

A)positive effects of employee empowerment
B)rate busting
C)group dissonance
D)lagging behavior
E)​soldiering

Question 63

The Hawthorne Studies showed how _____ can influence work group performance, for better or worse.

A)organizational codes of ethics
B)realistic work quotas
C)decentralization
D)​workers' feelings
E)merit­based promotion

Question 64

According to Henri Fayol's fourteen principles of management, which of the following does unity of direction mean?​

A)All employees should report to and receive orders from just one boss.
B)​​One person and one plan should be used in deciding the activities to be carried out.
C)​Employees must put an organization's interests and goals before their own.
D)​There should be no overlapping responsibilities of the employees in an organization.
E)An organization should strike a balance between centralization and decentralization, depending on the circumstances and employees involved.

Question 65

According to Henri Fayol's fourteen principles of management, _____ requires managers to develop a strong sense of morale and unity among workers that encourages coordination of efforts.

A)​remuneration
B)​esprit de corps
C)​equity
D)​decentralization
E)​centralization

Question 66

Which of the following management theorists believed that workers ultimately grant managers their authority?

A)Chester Barnard
B)Max Weber
C)Mary Parker Follett
D)Elton Mayo
E)Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Question 67

According to Mary Parker Follett, if managers use _____ to settle or reduce conflict, each of the parties involved give up some of what they want.

A)reallocation
B)mediation
C)arbitration
D)negotiation
E)compromise

Question 68

Integrative conflict resolution:

A)​focuses on developing two mutually exclusive alternatives.
B)​is a type conflict resolution in which one side wins and the other loses.
C)is a type conflict resolution which involves
D)focuses on finding an alternative that meets the needs of both parties.
E)involves a compromise.

Question 69

​Which of the following was demonstrated by the Hawthorne Studies?

A)​The workplace was much simpler than previously thought.
B)​Financial incentives were the most important motivators of work.
C)​Workers' feelings and attitude did not affect their work.
D)​Workers were not just extension of machines.
E)​Social interactions did not influence individual and group performance.

Question 70

​Two companies operating from a single building have a conflict over the lack of parking facility available to their employees. They fail to come to a conclusion that benefits both, and eventually the company with the lesser number of employees loses the conflict and has to give up the use of the parking facility. In this context, which of the following methods was used to resolve the conflict?

A)​Integrative conflict resolution
B)​Domination
C)​Accommodation
D)​Compromise
E)​Mediation

Question 71

According to Henri Fayol's fourteen principles of management, _____ requires that compensation should be fair and satisfactory to both the employees and the organization​.

A)unity of direction
B)​centralization
C)​equity
D)​division of work
E)​remuneration

Question 72

According to Mary Parker Follett, _____ involves invention, and the clever thing is to recognize this, and not to let one's thinking stay within the boundaries of two alternatives which are mutually exclusive.

A)​coercion
B)​domination
C)​delegation
D)​​integration
E)​compromise

Question 73

​Two managers have a conflict over the acquisition of resources required to complete their new projects. Both managers want the top performing employees of the firm to work under them. Eventually they arrive at a decision where they equally share the number of top performing employees. In this context, which of the following methods did they use to resolve the conflict?

A)​Domination
B)​Coercion
C)Despotism
D)​Oppression
E)​Compromise

Question 74

Which of the following factors was highly emphasized by Chester Barnard?

A)​Leadership
B)​Unity of command
C)​Cooperation
D)Domination
E)​Conflict resolution

Question 75

According to Henri Fayol's fourteen principles of management, in which of the following ways can order be obtained in an organization?

A)By striking a balance between centralization and decentralization depending on the circumstances and employees involved
B)By managers encouraging the development of initiative
C)​By managers developing a strong sense of morale and unity among workers
D)By ​having a place for everyone and having everyone in his or her place
E)​By giving compensation that is fair and satisfactory to both the employees and the organization

Question 76

​Which of the following management theorists provided managers with a better understanding of the effect group social interactions and employee satisfaction have on individual and group performance?

A)​Frederick Taylor
B)​Henri Fayol
C)Max Weber
D)​Chester Barnard
E)​​Elton Mayo

Question 77

With integrative conflict resolution, _____.

A)a third party's decision settles the conflict
B)both parties in the conflict are coerced into accepting a less­than­optimal solution
C)peer pressure determines the settlement of the conflict
D)​both parties work together to create an alternative solution that includes shared preferences
E)both parties involved agree to give up something

Question 78

According to Chester Bernard, ​people will be indifferent to managerial directives or orders if they _____.

A)​come from a peer rather than a senior
B)​are inconsistent with the purpose of the organization
C)​are compatible with people's personal interests
D)​cannot be carried out by the people
E)​are broad in nature

Question 79

According to Barnard, which of the following statements is true about a zone of indifference?

A)In this zone, managerial requests are not understood.
B)In this zone, managerial directives are inconsistent with the purpose of the organization.
C)In this zone, managerial requests are automatically accepted.
D)In this zone, managerial authority is challenged.
E)In this zone, managerial directives cannot be carried out by executives.

Question 80

According to Henri Fayol's fourteen principles of management, _____ means that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss.

A)unity of direction
B)centralization
C)vertical authority
D)span of management
E)unity of command