Deck 22: Attention Deficit Disorder: Brain Structure and Function

Question 1

Which of the following would allow you to move your hand away from a hot burner after touching it?

A) sensory neuron
B) interneuron
C) motor neuron
D) glial cell

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The network of nerves that radiates out from the brain and the spinal cord is part of

A) the central nervous system.
B) interneurons.
C) the peripheral nervous system.
D) neurotransmitters.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

It's known that teenagers and young adults are impulsive in nature, take unnecessary risks, and are, therefore, more susceptible to drug addiction. Scientists hypothesize that the reason for this could be the fact that the ________ lobe doesn't fully develop until the early twenties.

A) temporal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) frontal

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The sudden withdrawal of one's hand from a hot stove is an example of

A) learning.
B) common sense.
C) an instinct.
D) a reflex.

Question 5

Refer to the diagram to answer the following question: A blow to the ________ of the head could lead to loss of vision.

A) front
B) top
C) back
D) side

Question 6

The spinal cord and brain compose the ________.

Question 7

Which of the following are parts of the central nervous system?

A) sensory neurons
B) interneurons
C) motor neurons
D) effectors

Question 8

Where are the sensory receptors for equilibrium located?

A) on the surface of the skin
B) in the inner ear
C) in the joints
D) in the retina of the eye

Question 9

Arrange the following neurons into the correct sequence for information flow during the withdrawal reflex following touching a hot burner on a stove.

A) interneuron, motor neuron, sensory neuron
B) motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron
C) sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
D) motor neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron

Question 10

The basic functional units of the nervous system are

A) muscle fibers.
B) heart cells.
C) neurons.
D) fibroblasts.

Question 11

Which of the following is a general sense?

A) pressure
B) smell
C) hearing
D) vision

Question 12

Which of the following are specialized cells that receive and respond to stimuli?

A) effectors
B) neurotransmitters
C) neurons
D) nerve impulses

Question 13

What is a nerve?

A) a bundle of neurons
B) a chain of neurons
C) a sensory synapse
D) a series of impulses

Question 14

The expression "knee-jerk reaction" refers to someone doing something automatically without thinking. In biological terms, which of the following statements is true regarding this expression?

A) In the nervous system, this expression implies the involvement of higher brain regions before executing a spinal reflex.
B) In the nervous system, this expression implies the lack of brain input when executing a spinal reflex.
C) This expression implies that the knee-jerk reaction will be shortened in duration following input from higher brain regions.
D) This expression implies that only children exhibit this type of unthinking behavior.

Question 15

What is proprioception?

A) the sense of pressure on the body
B) the sense of the position of the body
C) the sense of smell
D) the sense of the body's temperature

Question 16

Which of the following is a special sense?

A) temperature
B) pain
C) touch
D) taste

Question 17

A disease that led to the degeneration and death of nerves composed of the peripheral nervous system would lead to which the following symptoms?

A) inability to memorize names and faces
B) severe dementia (loss of intellectual capacity)
C) impaired vision
D) loss of voluntary muscle control

Question 18

Which of the following would be classified as effectors?

A) sensory neurons
B) interneurons
C) body tissues
D) neurotransmitters

Question 19

What are sensory receptors?

A) cells that create action potentials and thresholds
B) localized areas of the CNS
C) chemicals that cross a synapse between two nerve cells
D) specialized neurons for detecting the world around you

Question 20

Of the following general categories of neurons, which carry information to the CNS?

A) inhibitory neurons
B) sensory neurons
C) motor neurons
D) interneurons

Question 21

Following a medical examination, an individual discovers that she has a large tumor located in the area of the brain known as the reticular formation, located in the lower part of the brain stem. This person would most likely suffer from which of the following symptoms as a consequence?

A) difficulty swallowing and breathing
B) inability to feel pain
C) inability to maintain balance
D) difficulty concentrating in a noisy room

Question 22

The visual centers are located in the

A) temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
B) occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex.
C) frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
D) parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

Question 23

Decreased myelination of an axon would ________ the speed at which the electrochemical impulse travels down the axon.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) maximize
D) have no effect on

Question 24

Which word best describes the thalamus?

A) processor
B) reflexor
C) regulator
D) transmitter

Question 25

A person you know has been in an automobile accident. After the accident, you notice a dramatic personality change. Before the accident, he was industrious and well liked; after the accident, he is profane, impetuous, and incapable of working toward a goal. Which portion of the brain was most likely damaged?

A) occipital lobe
B) temporal lobe
C) frontal lobe
D) parietal lobe

Question 26

Which word best describes the hypothalamus?

A) processor
B) reflexor
C) regulator
D) transmitter

Question 27

Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to be fatal?

A) caudate nuclei
B) cerebellum
C) brain stem
D) cerebrum

Question 28

Huntington's disease is a fatal disorder characterized by abnormal muscle movements called chorea. Based on your knowledge of the nervous system, which brain region below represents the area of the brain disrupted by Huntington's disease?

A) thalamus
B) midbrain
C) caudate nucleus
D) corpus callosum

Question 29

Neurobiologists have detected which of the following differences in the brains of people with ADD?

A) increased folding in the cerebral cortex
B) enlarged caudate nucleus in the left hemisphere
C) enlarged cerebellum
D) decreased volume of the cerebral cortex

Question 30

Higher brain functions, such as creativity and analytical skills, are centered in the

A) corpus callosum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) spinal cord.
D) cerebrum.

Question 31

________ occurs when potassium ions diffuse out of a nerve cell and the inside of the cell again becomes more negative than the outside.

A) Depolarization
B) Polarization
C) Repolarization
D) Threshold

Question 32

Glial cells

A) carry messages.
B) protect and cushion the brain.
C) support neurons by supplying nutrients.
D) move waste products out of the brain.

Question 33

Why is it important that you take care of your neurons?

A) They are able to divide rapidly and can be turned into cancer cells.
B) They only undergo mitosis after the brain has obtained enough sleep.
C) They are unable to divide by mitosis.
D) They are very susceptible to mutations of their DNA.

Question 34

The part of the neuron that receives nerve impulses and acts as an "antenna" is called the

A) axon.
B) cell body.
C) dendrite.
D) nerve.

Question 35

When a neuron is at rest, what maintains the high concentration gradients of potassium ions inside the cell and sodium ions outside the cell?

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) active transport
D) ion channels

Question 36

Which of the following best describes the movement of a nerve impulse?

A) the change in the magnetic field along a neuron
B) the passage of ions through the membrane of a neuron
C) the movement of tiny filaments inside a neuron
D) the change in a neuron so that the inside becomes more negatively charged

Question 37

Scientists have known for centuries that we "speak" with the left hemisphere of the brain. You perform an experiment in which your subject was presented with an apple only to the left visual field. When asked to identify what he saw, the subject denied seeing anything. However, when asked to point to the correct object, he was able to see and identify the apple. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this deficit?

A) The subject has a brain lesion in the frontal lobes.
B) The subject suffered head trauma to the back of his head.
C) The subject has a tumor in the left parietal lobe.
D) The subject had his corpus callosum severed to control epileptic seizures.

Question 38

What part of the brain is highly developed in animals that have finely tuned balance and complex coordination?

A) cerebellum
B) medulla
C) thalamus
D) temporal lobe

Question 39

What does the corpus callosum connect?

A) cerebellum and spinal cord
B) right and left cerebral hemispheres
C) pituitary and the hypothalamus
D) gray and white matter of the spinal cord

Question 40

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling muscle movement, balance, and coordination?

A) cerebellum
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebrum

Question 41

The impulse that travels down a neuron's axon is called a(n)

A) shock signal.
B) action potential.
C) currenter.
D) resistor.

Question 42

A drug that caused sodium to leak into a neuron would

A) cause the outside of the neuron to become more positive.
B) trigger an action potential in the neuron.
C) cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative.
D) cause potassium to move into the neuron as well.

Question 43

When a neuron is at rest before an action potential,

A) the membrane is depolarized.
B) membrane ion channels are open.
C) potassium is diffusing out of the cell.
D) the inside of the neuron is negative relative to just outside the neuron.

Question 44

Where in the nerve pathway do drugs have their primary effect?

A) axons
B) dendrites
C) synapses
D) myelin sheaths

Question 45

During synaptic transmission across a typical synapse, which of the following occurs?

A) sodium ions flow into the membrane of the presynaptic neuron
B) the binding of neurotransmitters triggers the release of potassium ions by the presynaptic neuron
C) vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules diffuse to the receiving neuron's plasma membrane
D) neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

Question 46

Prozac is used as an antidepressant and acts by inhibiting the reuptake of which of the following neurotransmitters in neuronal synapses?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) glutamate

Question 47

Polarization refers to the

A) electrical signal generated by neurons.
B) lack of concentration gradient for sodium.
C) decrease in charge difference across a membrane.
D) difference in charge across a membrane.

Question 48

Ritalin, like cocaine and amphetamines, acts by increasing the concentration of which of the following neurotransmitters in neuronal synapses?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) GABA

Question 49

The part of the neuron that houses the nucleus is the

A) axon.
B) cell body.
C) dendrite.
D) nerve.

Question 50

A nerve poison that blocked neurotransmitter receptors on the dendrites would

A) cause continued stimulation of the membrane of the receiving neuron.
B) prevent transmission across the synaptic cleft.
C) inhibit the regeneration of neurotransmitter for use by the synaptic knobs.
D) inactivate the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter.

Question 51

Neurotransmitters are released by

A) terminal boutons.
B) the cell body.
C) dendrites.
D) myelin sheaths.

Question 52

Which of the following provides a connection between two neurons?

A) a synapse
B) a cell body
C) an axon
D) dendrites

Question 53

An individual has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a disease that leads to deterioration of the myelin sheath that covers some neurons. What is a likely physical symptom of this disease?

A) inability to control muscle movements
B) progressive memory loss
C) feeling of euphoria
D) inability to concentrate in chaotic situations

Question 54

Which of the following neurotransmitters is a target for therapeutic treatment in Alzheimer's disease?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) glutamate

Question 55

Action potential begins when which of the following occurs?

A) the inside of the neuron becomes more negative relative to the outside
B) sodium channels open sequentially
C) the membrane becomes depolarized
D) potassium ions diffuse to allow repolarization of the cell

Question 56

Which of the following causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules?

A) the reception of a signal from the postsynaptic neuron
B) an electrical signal reaching the end of the cell body
C) an electrical signal reaching the terminal bouton
D) an electrical signal reaching the beginning of the dendrite

Question 57

Which of the following drugs, when taken by an adult, will produce similar symptoms as the symptoms of a child with ADD?

A) alcohol
B) ecstasy
C) marijuana
D) nicotine

Question 58

Refer to the figure for the following question: Drug addiction is characterized by tolerance, in which the user must ingest more of the drug to obtain the same effect. Cellularly, tolerance can be explained by the fact that prolonged use of a drug such as cocaine leads to ________ in the number of receptor proteins present in the postsynaptic neuron.

A) an increase
B) a decrease
C) no change
D) a regulation

Question 59

You suspect that your roommate may be abusing drugs. He exhibits the following symptoms: aggressiveness, bursts of extreme energy followed by "crash" periods, and delusions. Which of the following drugs may be responsible?

A) amphetamines
B) LSD
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 60

A drug called ouabain specifically inhibits the sodium-potassium pump present in neuron cells. Over time, this action of ouabain would cause

A) the inside of the neuron to become more negative.
B) repolarization.
C) elimination of a concentration gradient.
D) more potassium to be transported into the neuron.

Question 61

The function of which of the following household appliances accurately describes the removal of neurotransmitters from the synapse?

A) blender
B) toaster
C) vacuum cleaner
D) coffee grinder

Question 62

The loss of dopamine leading to motor symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, and slowed movements, is thought to underlie

A) Alzheimer's disease.
B) Huntington's disease.
C) Parkinson's disease.
D) depression.

Question 63

Abnormal levels of the neurotransmitter ________ may be involved in producing the symptoms of ADD.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 64

Which of the following is directly associated with synaptic transmission?

A) axon
B) vesicles
C) nodes of Ranvier
D) cell body

Question 65

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in both Parkinson's disease and ADD?

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) GABA

Question 66

True or false: Recent studies indicate that about 15% of college students use Ritalin to improve learning and the ability to focus for exams.

Question 67

True or false: Electrical signals travel faster down unmyelinated axons than myelinated axons.

Question 68

Which of the following disorders is characterized by mental deterioration and loss of bodily functions?

A) Parkinson's disease
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) attention deficit disorder (ADD)
D) depression

Question 69

What substances in the body are most closely associated with a drug's influence on the nervous system?

A) endorphins
B) sodium and potassium ions
C) neurotransmitters
D) proteins