Deck 8: Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Question 1

Personal identification with the leader is ________.

A) equally important for transformational and charismatic leadership
B) not important for either transformational or charismatic leadership
C) more important for transformational leadership than for charismatic leadership
D) more important for charismatic leadership than for transformational leadership

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which statement about transformational and charismatic leadership is MOST accurate?

A) Both types of leadership involve the same underlying processes.
B) Both type of leadership are effective in any situation.
C) Charismatic leaders are more effective in business organizations.
D) Charismatic leaders are less common in business organizations.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Shamir, the vision articulated by charismatic leaders emphasizes ________.

A) specific, challenging performance objectives
B) tangible benefits that justify exceptional follower effort
C) symbolic and expressive aspects of the work itself
D) factual evidence about the feasibility of the objectives

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Conger and Kanungo, attributions of charisma are LEAST likely for a leader who ________.

A) creates dissatisfaction with current conditions
B) makes personal sacrifices to achieve the vision
C) acts in conventional ways to achieve the vision
D) recognizes opportunities to make successful changes

Question 5

Charismatic leadership is BEST understood by examining which of the following?

A) leader characteristics such as traits and behavior
B) leader and subordinate characteristics
C) leader and situational characteristics
D) leader, subordinate, and situational characteristics

Question 6

Which is NOT a recommended guideline for transformational leadership?

A) Ask followers to trust the leader's exceptional ability.
B) Act confident and optimistic when setbacks occur.
C) Lead by example to model effective behavior.
D) Use dramatic, symbolic actions to emphasize key values.

Question 7

Which was a suggested guideline for communicating a vision?

A) Set a concrete deadline for attaining key aspects of the vision.
B) Explain in a general way how the vision can be attained.
C) Remind followers about difficult obstacles to be overcome.
D) Offer incentives to motivate follower commitment to the vision.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT likely to be a negative consequence for a charismatic leader?

A) Overconfidence and risky decisions result in poor outcomes.
B) Excessive empowerment of followers creates confusion.
C) Power is misused by the leader to gain personal benefits.
D) Polarization and conflict occurs among organization members.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an important behavior in the attribution theory of charismatic leadership?

A) are usually derived by systematic observation of leaders
B) are only minor variations of the same general description
C) are important for designing and interpreting research
D) are pointless because there is no basis for their verification

Question 10

Descriptive research on narcissistic charismatics found that they are MOST likely to ________.

A) take the time to guide and facilitate the implementation of their vision in the organization
B) press ahead in a persistent quest to attain their vision despite setbacks or negative evidence
C) give recognition to followers who make important contributions to the attainment of the vision
D) plan carefully for a successor qualified to protect the vision after the leader departs

Question 11

Which of the following influence processes is LEAST important in theories of charismatic leadership?

A) instrumental compliance
B) personal identification
C) social identification
D) internalization

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a transformational behavior according to Bass?

A) individualized consideration
B) intellectual stimulation
C) contingent reward behavior
D) inspirational motivation

Question 13

What conclusion is BEST supported in the case study by Roberts of a school administrator?

A) Followers attribute charisma to a new leader who uses unconventional behavior and enthusiastic visioning to deal successfully with a crisis.
B) Followers attribute charisma to a new leader who uses an unconventional approach in a crisis, regardless of the outcome.
C) Followers attribute charisma to a new leader who uses unconventional behavior and enthusiastic visioning, regardless of whether there is a crisis.
D) Charisma is unlikely to be attributed to any new leader in a highly bureaucratic organization, regardless of the situation.

Question 14

The early conceptions of charisma defined it primarily in terms of ________.

A) the effect of the leader on followers
B) the effect of followers on the leader
C) the leader traits that explain the effects of the leader on followers
D) the follower traits that explain the effects of followers on the leader

Question 15

According to Bass, effective transformational leaders ________.

A) select subordinates who will be loyal and uncritical
B) challenge strongly held values of followers to get their attention
C) delegate most decisions to individuals or self-managed teams
D) use a combination of transformational and transactional behaviors

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the three important ways charismatics communicate their leadership qualifications and expectations to potential followers, according to Antonakis and colleagues?

A) appealing to follower values
B) making a radical vision appear unattainable
C) communicating in symbolic ways that are clear and vivid
D) displaying emotional conviction and passion for the mission

Question 17

________ is a Greek word that means "divinely inspired gift."

A) Transformation
B) Transaction
C) Charisma
D) Optimism

Question 18

Which statement comparing transformational and charismatic leadership is MOST accurate?

A) Personal identification is more important in transformational leadership.
B) Situational variables are less important for charismatic leadership.
C) Leader articulation of an appealing vision is important in both theories.
D) There are no important differences between the two types of leadership.

Question 19

Most theories of charismatic and transformational leadership ________.

A) emphasize rational processes more than emotional processes
B) emphasize emotional processes more than rational processes
C) give equal attention to rational and emotional processes
D) describe emotional processes and ignore rational processes

Question 20

Weber used the term ________ to describe a form of influence based not on tradition or formal authority but rather on follower perceptions that the leader is endowed with exceptional qualities.

A) transformation
B) optimism
C) transaction
D) charisma

Question 21

The consequences for followers are ________with a positive charismatic leader than with a negative charismatic.

A) the same
B) better
C) worse
D) sometimes better, sometimes worse

Question 22

If the leader expresses strong confidence in an innovative strategy, ________.

A) success may be attributed more to luck than to leader expertise
B) followers are less likely to view the leader as charismatic
C) followers are likely to work harder and increase the chances of success
D) success is less likely, as the leader will be perceived as arrogant and egotistical

Question 23

Followers who identify with the leader are more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) imitate the leader's behavior
B) reject the leader out of fear
C) carry out the leader's requests
D) make an extra effort to please the leader

Question 24

Which influence process is at work when a leader emphasizes the symbolic and ideological aspects of the work, making it seem more meaningful, noble, heroic, and morally correct?

A) internalization
B) self-efficacy
C) impression management
D) emotional contagion

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the traits found to be associated with charismatic leadership by Banks et al. in 2017?

A) conscientious
B) introverted
C) agreeable
D) emotionally stable

Question 26

The ultimate form of ________ occurs when followers come to view their work role as inseparably linked to their self-concepts and self-worth.

A) self-efficacy
B) personal identification
C) internalization
D) impression management

Question 27

Positive charismatics ________.

A) do not engage in self-sacrifice
B) use rewards and punishment to control followers
C) delegate authority to a considerable extent
D) have a leadership style that is inevitably beneficial to followers

Question 28

Leaders are more likely to appear charismatic if they make ________ appeals to follower values and ideals.

A) emotional
B) logical
C) desperate
D) calculated

Question 29

________ is another reason for a leader to be viewed as extraordinary.

A) The decision to take small, incremental steps
B) The achievement of a goal that initially seemed probable
C) The ability to see opportunities others fail to recognize
D) The adherence to goals aligned with the status quo

Question 30

Attributions of charisma are ________ for leaders who have influenced people to collectively achieve objectives that initially seemed impossible.

A) impossible
B) improbable
C) inappropriate
D) probable

Question 31

When leaders make conscious efforts to portray themselves as confident, creative, trustworthy and visionary they are engaging in ________.

A) personal identification
B) internalization
C) self-efficacy
D) impression management

Question 32

Emotional contagion ________.

A) may cause the leader's qualities to become exaggerated
B) cannot occur among the followers themselves
C) is exemplified by a leader's deliberate efforts to create a particular impression
D) spreads slowly and laboriously

Question 33

Negative charismatics are usually narcissists who ________.

A) intentionally seek follower devotion to ideals more than to themselves
B) have influence that results more from personal identification than from internalization
C) share decision-making authority with followers in order to empower them
D) have a socialized power orientation

Question 34

When followers see a charismatic leader as an idealized self who exemplifies their wishes and fantasies, and who serves as an ideal role model to emulate, this is called ________.

A) internalization
B) social identification
C) personal identification
D) self-efficacy

Question 35

According to Harrison, subordinating member needs to the mission ________.

A) is never justified
B) may be acceptable in times of crisis
C) results in good balance between task and people concerns
D) works well in some types of organizations, but not others

Question 36

Social identification can be increased by ________.

A) encouraging followers to emulate the leader as a role model
B) skillful use of slogans, symbols, and rituals
C) emphasizing the symbolic and ideological aspects of the work
D) fostering desired impressions through the use of their own appearance

Question 37

________ occurs when a leader who is very positive and enthusiastic influences the enthusiasm of followers for the work and their perception that they can accomplish difficult objectives.

A) Impression management
B) Emotional contagion
C) Self-efficacy
D) Personal identification

Question 38

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in a leader being viewed as charismatic?

A) emotional appeals to values
B) small, incremental changes
C) unconventional methods and behavior
D) deceptive demonstrations of exceptional abilities

Question 39

Charisma is more likely to be attributed to leaders who advocate a vision that is ________.

A) highly discrepant from the status quo
B) highly in accordance with the status quo
C) radical enough that the leader is viewed as incompetent
D) comprised of small, incremental changes

Question 40

In interpreting their results of which qualities are associated with charismatic leaders, Banks et al. found that ________ contributes to the leader's commitment to the vision and mission.

A) intelligence
B) openness to experience
C) conscientiousness
D) agreeableness

Question 41

Leader charisma ________.

A) must be taught
B) is something one is either born with or not
C) can be improved by training
D) cannot be taught

Question 42

An adverse consequence of charismatic leadership, the ________ is a situation in which the followers of charismatic leaders are less likely to openly express their emotions than followers of supportive, noncharismatic leaders.

A) awestruck effect
B) succession crisis
C) emotional contagion
D) attributional ambiguity

Question 43

When the causes of organizational performance and leader responsibility for it are unclear, perceptions of charisma are more important for determining who is most qualified to be the next leader. This is known as ________.

A) emotional contagion
B) symbolic action
C) attributional ambiguity
D) collective efficacy

Question 44

Setting an example of courage and dedication and making self-sacrifices to benefit followers is an example of which type of transformational behavior?

A) intellectual stimulation
B) idealized influence
C) individualized consideration
D) inspirational motivation

Question 45

Attributions of charisma for people who have close contact with the leader may depend more on the ________.

A) leader's behavior and interpersonal skills
B) evidence of exceptional achievements
C) influence of individuals who promote the leader's reputation
D) defense of controversial actions and decisions by the leader

Question 46

Laboratory experiments on charismatic leadership ________.

A) have not yet been conducted
B) were unable to assess the effects on participants of leader behavior
C) found that followers are very slow to form impressions of leader charisma
D) suggest that followers are highly impacted by leaders' nonverbal expressive behavior

Question 47

________ is behavior that influences followers to view problems from a new perspective and look for more creative solutions.

A) Intellectual stimulation
B) Idealized influence
C) Individualized consideration
D) Inspirational motivation

Question 48

In the absence of a genuine crisis, ________.

A) charismatic leadership cannot emerge
B) charismatic leadership is more likely
C) a leader can encourage satisfaction with current conditions to try to create an opening for charismatic leadership
D) a leader can precipitate a crisis to set the stage for a demonstration of expertise in dealing with problem in unconventional ways

Question 49

Which statement is true?

A) Transformational leadership increases follower motivation less than transactional leadership.
B) Transformational leadership increases follower performance more than transactional leadership.
C) Transactional leadership is likely to generate commitment to task objectives.
D) It is not effective to use a combination of both transformational and transactional leadership.

Question 50

The influence of charisma on leader evaluations has been shown to be greatest when the factors responsible for past performance are ________.

A) positive
B) negative
C) variable
D) inconclusive

Question 51

Although research on effects of charismatic chief executives is limited, the available results suggest that charisma ________.

A) is an essential attribute for their success
B) may be detrimental for most of them
C) plays no role in their performance
D) is highly correlated with positive outcomes

Question 52

Charisma is a(n) ________ phenomenon when it is dependent on personal identification with an individual leader who is perceived to be extraordinary.

A) permanent
B) transitory
C) infallible
D) harmful

Question 53

If other executives believe a leader has exceptional expertise, ________.

A) the leader will not be able to objectively evaluate his or her plan
B) the executives may resent the leader and point out flaws in the plan
C) the executives will be inhibited from suggesting improvements in the plan
D) the leader will struggle to gain their acceptance

Question 54

Followers ________ are more responsive to a leader who can explain how the mission of the group or organization is relevant to their core values.

A) who lack a clear self-identity
B) with a clear self-concept
C) who are confused about their lives
D) with high anxiety about their situation

Question 55

With transactional leadership, ________.

A) followers feel trust, admiration, loyalty, and respect toward the leader
B) followers are motivated to do more than they originally expected to do
C) the leader provides rewards to followers who comply with the leader's requests
D) the leader motivates followers by activating their higher-order needs

Question 56

According to Bass, transformational and transactional leadership are ________ processes.

A) distinct but not mutually exclusive
B) overlapping and mostly similar
C) mostly divergent and opposed
D) interchangeable

Question 57

Overemphasizing the importance of extra-role activities ________.

A) is a hidden cost of charismatic leadership
B) is not possible
C) increases employee job engagement
D) is one of the potential benefits of charismatic leadership

Question 58

________ leadership motivates followers by appealing to their self-interest and offering benefits.

A) Charismatic
B) Transformational
C) Transactional
D) Symbolic

Question 59

________ leadership appeals to the moral values of followers in an attempt to raise their consciousness about ethical issues and to mobilize their energy and resources to reform institutions.

A) Charismatic
B) Transformational
C) Transactional
D) Symbolic

Question 60

When a charismatic leader departs or dies, ________.

A) a succession crisis is unlikely
B) a leader's authority may be transferred to a successor through rites
C) it is impossible to embed the leader's vision in the culture of the organization
D) the organization will proceed unimpeded

Question 61

Laissez-faire leadership ________.

A) involves the use of incentives to influence subordinate task motivation
B) is best described as the absence of effective leadership
C) is best described as an example of transactional leadership
D) includes use of contingent punishments and other corrective action in response to obvious deviations from acceptable performance standards

Question 62

Transformational leaders likely do fewer things that ________.

A) make followers dependent
B) empower followers
C) develop follower skills
D) increase availability of information

Question 63

________ is defined in terms of looking for mistakes and enforcing rules to avoid mistakes.

A) Contingent reward
B) Passive management by exception
C) Management by exception
D) Laissez-faire leadership

Question 64

The ________ leaders are more effective in situations where there is a high level of political and ideological conflict, whereas ________ leaders are more effective when there is little political conflict and more emphasis on constructive problem solving.

A) charismatic and ideological; pragmatic
B) ideological and pragmatic; charismatic
C) charismatic and pragmatic; ideological
D) transformational and transactional; charismatic

Question 65

Transactional leadership motivates followers by appealing to their self-interest and exchanging benefits.

Question 66

Transformational and charismatic leadership are similar in most respects and the terms can be used interchangeably to describe leaders.

Question 67

Which form of communication is MOST effective when trying to explain a vision?

A) meeting with people directly
B) writing newsletter articles
C) televising news conferences
D) sending emails and letters

Question 68

Truly charismatic leaders ________.

A) can be found in any organization
B) can be found at any level in an organization
C) use a leadership style that is relevant for all types of situations
D) are rare and emerge in only unusual conditions

Question 69

A leader who supports the status quo or advocates only small, incremental changes will not be viewed as charismatic.

Question 70

Transformational leadership involves values relevant to the exchange process, such as honesty, fairness, responsibility, and reciprocity.

Question 71

Transformational leaders are MOST likely to be considered as ________.

A) competent
B) exceptional
C) exciting
D) polarizing

Question 72

Strong personal identification occurs when people take pride in being part of the group or organization and regard membership as one of their most important social identities.

Question 73

Leader optimism and self-confidence are essential to influence others to support the leader's vision, but excessive optimism can cause a failure to recognize flaws in the vision or strategy.

Question 74

Communicating an appealing vision and using symbols to focus subordinate effort are hallmarks of ________.

A) intellectual stimulation
B) idealized influence
C) individualized consideration
D) inspirational motivation

Question 75

Personal identification and internalization are types of influence processes that may occur for some followers of a charismatic leader.

Question 76

Transformational leadership describes how effective leaders inspire and transform followers by appealing to their ideals and emotions.

Question 77

Charismatic leadership is essential for a CEO to be effective.

Question 78

Charisma is a perpetuating phenomenon via emotional contagion and when the leader departs or dies a successor is likely to provide charismatic leadership in the organization.

Question 79

Which type of transformational behavior includes providing support, encouragement, and coaching to followers?

A) intellectual stimulation
B) idealized influence
C) individualized consideration
D) inspirational motivation

Question 80

The strategy for attaining the vision is MOST likely to be persuasive when it is ________.

A) simplistic and conventional
B) unconventional and straightforward
C) simplistic and straightforward
D) conventional and complex