Deck 9: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

Question 1

The Monroe Doctrine, promulgated by the United States, asked for European intervention in Latin America to prevent the revolutionary impulse from spreading northward.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Early socialism embraced the belief that the competition bred by early industrial capitalism would dramatically improve society and create a new model of progress.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Napoleon's escape from exile and return to France delayed the negotiations of the Congress of Vienna and resulted in the Congress's decision to return France's borders to those of 1790.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The initially successful Revolutions of 1848 ultimately failed because the revolutionaries were divided by political aims and nationalistic aspirations.

Question 5

Because of the increased employment opportunities resulting from the Industrial Revolution, the early nineteenth century experienced a significant decrease in crime, especially crimes against property.

Question 6

The Congress of Vienna

A) gave Prussia complete control over Polish lands.
B) created policies that would maintain the European balance of power.
C) failed to achieve long-lasting peace among European nations.
D) treated France leniently following Napoleon's One Hundred Days.
E) sanctioned the political power of the bourgeoisie.

Question 7

Britain's New Poor Law of 1834 established workhouses for the unemployed where the living conditions were designed to be intentionally miserable and cruel so that people would be encouraged to leave the workhouse and find employment.

Question 8

Johann Wolfgang von Werther's The Sorrows of Young Werther served as an important model for Romantic writers.

Question 9

Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" refers to

A) freedom of religion.
B) the adoption of laissez-faire economics.
C) the sanctity of marriage.
D) proper justification for revolution.
E) the restoration of legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions.

Question 10

All nineteenth-century conservatives, from Edmund Burke to Joseph de Maistre, opposed any change whatsoever in the traditional political and social structures of society, and argued that a hereditary monarchy must be maintained at all costs.

Question 11

At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism

A) sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.
B) became the most popular political philosophy in Russia.
C) sought above all else the achievement of individual rights.
D) was never popular among the political elite of Europe.
E) championed individual rights and laissez-faire government.

Question 12

The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is

A) José de San Martín.
B) Simón Bolívar.
C) Guillermo Pelgrón.
D) Simón Carreño.
E) Pancho Villa.

Question 13

Romanticism as an ideology and a mood embraced emotionality but avoided individualism, emphasizing notions of collectivity instead.

Question 14

The leader of the Congress of Vienna was

A) Tsar Alexander I.
B) Napoleon.
C) Viscount Castlereigh.
D) Prince Talleyrand.
E) Klemens von Metternich.

Question 15

​Thomas Malthus advocated government intervention to ease the plight of the poor.

Question 16

Giuseppe Garibaldi founded the organization Young Italy.

Question 17

​The Congress of Vienna placed much of Italy under Austrian domination.

Question 18

Klemens von Metternich

A) supported much of the revolutionary ideology after Napoleon's defeat.
B) thought that a free press was necessary to maintain the status quo.
C) had little influence because of his extreme conservatism.
D) was anti-religious and supported atheistic causes.
E) believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.

Question 19

In his Reflections on the Revolution in France , Edmund Burke

A) wrote in support of the French Revolution
B) suggested the importance of spreading revolution throughout Europe.
C) suggested that sudden change was an important means of renewing society.
D) condemned the radical republican and democratic ideas of the French Revolution.
E) argued against the idea that the state should be considered a partnership agreement.

Question 20

The Congress of Vienna's treatment of Poland

A) demonstrates the application of the principle of legitimacy.
B) reveals the overshadowing of the principle of legitimacy by more practical considerations of power.
C) resulted in Austrian domination of Poland.
D) allowed for complete Polish autonomy.
E) shows the emergence of Poland as a great European power.

Question 21

David Ricardo's iron law of wages stated that

A) wages would rise as competition eliminated inefficient producers.
B) wages would decline as productivity drove prices down.
C) wages would fall when the population of workers increased.
D) wages would rise as workers organized into unions.
E) wages were irrelevant; only commodities like pig iron mattered.

Question 22

The growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe

A) was resisted by liberals, who felt that all ethnic groups should live together harmoniously.
B) advocated the formation of one European nation to end economic and military conflicts.
C) was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers.
D) found its best expression in the writings of John Stuart Mill.
E) declined after the Congress of Vienna.

Question 23

The foremost social group embracing liberalism was made up by

A) factory workers.
B) the industrial middle class.
C) radical aristocrats.
D) army officers.
E) the landed gentry.

Question 24

The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by

A) France.
B) Prussia.
C) Austria.
D) Russia.
E) Britain.

Question 25

Which of the following statements best applies to Thomas Macaulay's thoughts on reform in Britain?

A) He opposed giving political concessions to the middle class.
B) He was convinced that reforms were largely unnecessary due to Britain's democratic heritage.
C) He supported reforms as a means of preventing more radical revolutionary movements.
D) He was afraid reforms would cause the collapse of the current Parliament and the political domination of the landed elite.
E) He adamantly opposed any and all political and social reforms.

Question 26

King Louis-Philippe in France

A) did all he could to help the impoverished industrial workers.
B) cooperated with François Guizot and the Party of Resistance against the Party of Movement.
C) allowed for great reforms in the electoral system.
D) was the son of the former reactionary King Charles X.
E) died peacefully in France.

Question 27

The early socialist who advocated a system of cooperative communities called phalansteries was

A) Flora Tristian.
B) Robert Owen.
C) Louis Blanc.
D) Charler Fourier.
E) the comte de Saint-Simón.

Question 28

Central to the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century was

A) the passage of child labor laws.
B) the preservation of law and order.
C) an emphasis on individual freedom.
D) the buildup of a nation's military.
E) the creation of a socialist community.

Question 29

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 did all of the following EXCEPT

A) disband the Burschenshaften .
B) impose censorship on the German press.
C) place most German universities under close government supervision.
D) dissolve several smaller German states.
E) place restrictions upon university activities.

Question 30

J.S. Mill's On the Subjection of Women stated that

A) women should be kept in the home to improve men's chances of finding work.
B) men and women did not possess different natures.
C) Parliament should admit women members immediately.
D) female convicts should be shipped out to colonize Australia.
E) God and nature had ordained the permanent inferiority of women.

Question 31

By 1824, which one of the following Latin American states had not become independent?

A) Peru
B) Paraguay
C) Uruguay
D) Colombia
E) Panama

Question 32

After the Congress of Vienna, Italy

A) was entirely unified as a single country.
B) had been divided into nine states, subject to the domination of other European powers.
C) was divided into two states, one in the north and the other in the south.
D) was annexed by Austria, a move confirmed by the Congress.
E) sank into complete anarchy and chaos.

Question 33

The author of Essay on the Principles of Population was

A) Adam Smith.
B) David Ricardo.
C) Joseph de Maistre.
D) Edmund Burke.
E) Thomas Malthus.

Question 34

During its period of dominance in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Britain's Tory government

A) embarked on a massive program of electoral reform.
B) passed the Corn Law of 1815, which drastically reduced tariffs on foreign grain.
C) allowed for large public meetings and the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor as a sign of good will.
D) enacted policies that sparked mass protests, including the Peterloo Massacre of 1819.
E) dramatically improved the conditions of the working classes by guaranteeing cheap bread.

Question 35

Louis-Philippe became known as the

A) "bourgeois monarch."
B) "the man of the people."
C) "the nobles' champion."
D) "diplomat king."
E) "utopian king."

Question 36

The most successful nationalistic European revolution in 1830 was in

A) Poland.
B) Germany.
C) Italy.
D) Russia.
E) Belgium.

Question 37

The growing forces of liberalism and nationalism in central Europe were exemplified by the

A) increased liberal reforms of Frederick William III of Prussia between 1815 and 1840.
B) national affinity and unity felt by the many Austrian ethnic groups under Frederick II.
C) liberal constitutions of the states of the German Confederation.
D) Burschenschaften , the student societies of Germany.
E) the enlightened leadership of central European political elites.

Question 38

Following the death of Alexander I in 1825, Russian society under Nicholas I became

A) the most liberal of the European powers.
B) rapidly industrialized.
C) an industrial power after the abolition of serfdom.
D) increasingly influenced by ultra-conservative societies, such as the Northern Union.
E) a police state, as the czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals.

Question 39

The July Ordinances of Charles X in 1830

A) represent Charles's acceptance of political liberalism.
B) reduced the French electorate and imposed rigid censorship of the press.
C) resulted in the king's assassination by radicals.
D) enacted the socialist ideals of Flora Tristan.
E) redefined the relationship between the French state and the Catholic Church.

Question 40

The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was

A) European economic collapse.
B) the Monroe Doctrine guiding American foreign policy.
C) the sheer size of South America.
D) growing support for pacifism in Europe.
E) British naval power.

Question 41

Political caricatures during the 1830s and 1840s in France often depicted Louis-Philippe with a pear-shaped head in part because the French word for pear had the slang meaning of

A) autocratic.
B) cruel.
C) lascivious.
D) corrupt.
E) simpleton or fool.

Question 42

The Romantic movement can be viewed as

A) a reaction against the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason.
B) a continuation of Enlightenment ideals and practices.
C) an attempt to create a socialist society.
D) a movement of lower-class, less literate people.
E) a fascination with war and conflict.

Question 43

Professional civilian police forces known as serjents first appeared in 1829 in

A) Germany.
B) Russia.
C) Italy.
D) Bavaria.
E) France.

Question 44

The American romantic author of The Fall of the House of Usher was

A) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
B) Thomas Carlyle.
C) Edgar Allan Poe.
D) Herman Melville.
E) Henry David Thoreau.

Question 45

Louis Blanc's "national workshops" in France

A) became a vital part of the French economy.
B) were extremely important to the French radical aristocracy.
C) became little more than unemployment compensation units through public works projects.
D) built many national parks in France.
E) turned the city of Paris into the "City of Lights."

Question 46

Which of the following were major themes/subjects of Romantic artists?

A) portraits.
B) Madonnas and religious scenes.
C) landscapes and depictions of nature.
D) scenes from aristocratic family life.
E) urban scenes.

Question 47

The revolution of 1848 in France ultimately resulted in

A) the continued rule of Louis-Philippe but with radical reforms.
B) new elections to the national Assembly, resulting in the dominance of the radical republicans.
C) Europe's first socialist state under the guidance of Blanc's workshops.
D) a new French empire under Louis Napoleon.
E) the triumph of the Paris Commune.

Question 48

Neo-Gothic buildings exhibited the nineteenth-century revival of

A) medieval architecture.
B) Greek architecture.
C) Roman architecture.
D) Byzantine architecture.
E) Renaissance architecture.

Question 49

London's police were called "bobbies" because

A) on their horses they seemed to "bob" above the crowd like an apple in a barrel.
B) no one knows the reason.
C) the legislation to create them was introduced by Robert Peel.
D) the first officer sworn into duty was named Bob.
E) that way they would have a nickname.

Question 50

Suffrage had been extended to almost all white adult males in the United States by the

A) 1780s.
B) 1790s.
C) 1820s.
D) 1830s.
E) 1840s.

Question 51

Mazzini's risorgimento

A) was largely successful in political terms.
B) failed due to opposition of the French, the Austrians, and the pope.
C) became the basic ideology of contemporary German liberals.
D) was most popular among the Italian middle classes.
E) succeeded in establishing a socialist society.

Question 52

Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist organization, Young Italy,

A) liberated Italy's northern provinces from Austrian control.
B) failed to achieve his goal of "resurgence" by 1849.
C) helped inspire successful liberal constitutions throughout Italy.
D) used the liberals in governments to extend suffrage to Italy's working classes.
E) allied itself with the papacy to drive France out of Italy.

Question 53

In 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly

A) unanimously adopted a Grossdeutsch solution for the Germanies.
B) succeeded in making Prussia's Frederick William IV president of a united Germany.
C) failed in its attempt to create a united Germany.
D) gained the support of Austria.
E) declared its solidarity with revolutionary France.

Question 54

All of the following were characteristics of Romanticism EXCEPT

A) a strong, pantheistic worship of nature.
B) the rejection of the supernatural and unfamiliar.
C) a preoccupation with sentiment, suffering, and self-sacrifice.
D) a reverence for history that inspired nationalism.
E) a reaction to the excesses of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 55

The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited the

A) landed aristocracy.
B) peasants.
C) working class.
D) clergy.
E) upper middle-class.

Question 56

The most important form of literary expression for the Romantics was

A) the essay.
B) poetry.
C) the novel.
D) the play.
E) the monograph.

Question 57

Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by

A) Chateaubriand, whose many paintings anticipated the Impressionist movement.
B) Beethoven, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism.
C) Delacroix, who broke classical conventions by using only blacks and whites in his paintings.
D) Friedrich, whose "program" music played upon the listeners' emotions.
E) Bach, whose organ music inspired the hearer's feelings.

Question 58

The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that

A) the poor were entitled to decent levels of support.
B) the rich had a moral obligation to support the poor.
C) if the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.
D) levels of state support for social welfare programs should be indexed to the cost of living.
E) indoor relief was better than outdoor relief.

Question 59

The writer who argued that historical events were largely determined by the deeds of Romantic heroes who transformed society was

A) Edgard Allen Poe.
B) Hans Christian Andersen.
C) Thomas Macauley.
D) Thomas Carlyle.
E) William Wordsworth.

Question 60

Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward

A) the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding societies.
B) appeasing the public outcry against the barbarism of the ordeal and the rack.
C) protecting the poor from exploitation by rich businessmen.
D) adding an element of fear to society for psychological manipulation of mass populations.
E) ensuring the continuance of oligarchic government.

Question 61

Talk about:
Congress of Vienna

Question 62

Talk about:
balance of power

Question 63

Talk about:
ultraroyalists

Question 64

Talk about:
Carbonari

Question 65

Talk about:
Greek Revolt

Question 66

Talk about:
principle of legitimacy

Question 67

Talk about:
Monroe Doctrine

Question 68

Religion in the age of Romanticism experienced

A) a Catholic revival, especially in Germany.
B) loss of faith among many artists and intellectuals.
C) a decline in Protestantism in England.
D) the mass popularization of eastern mystery religions in Europe.
E) a return to Deism.

Question 69

Talk about:
ministerial responsibility

Question 70

Talk about:
Britain's Tories and Whigs

Question 71

Talk about:
ideology

Question 72

Talk about:
Edmund Burke and conservatism

Question 73

Talk about:
Latin America revolts

Question 74

The Romantic artist whose paintings were described as "airy visions, painted with tinted steam" was

A) Friedrich.
B) Turner.
C) Delacroix.
D) Watteau.
E) Berlioz.

Question 75

Talk about:
Louis XVIII and Charles X

Question 76

Talk about:
Joseph de Maistre and conservatism

Question 77

Talk about:
Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre

Question 78

Talk about:
principle of intervention

Question 79

Talk about:
Concert of Europe

Question 80

Talk about:
Klemens von Metternich