Deck 10: Economic and Restorative Justice Reparations

Question 1

Fees began to be assessed to offenders starting in the 1980s, and are also known as "court costs" in some parts of the United States.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Family group conferencing is based most closely on tribal justice.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In the traditional criminal justice system, the states act on behalf of the victims to punish the offender.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Community service refers to a sanction handed down by the court that stipulates that the offender must complete hours of service to the public in order to compensate society for harm they have committed.

Question 5

Like monetary restitution, community service is both punitive and retributive.

Question 6

Collection rates of the various types of economic sanctions used throughout the United States remain fairly low at present.

Question 7

Once a fine is imposed, unlike restitution, the defendant must pay it in full by the due date or probation will be revoked.

Question 8

The federal system mandates that federal prisoners shall not be released on parole or mandatory release until any fines assessed to them are paid in full.

Question 9

A variety of different forms of restorative justice are used throughout the United States. These include victim-offender mediation, reparation boards, family group conferencing, and circle sentencing.

Question 10

According to Bearden v. Georgia , the Supreme Court held that an offender's probation cannot be revoked solely because he/she is unable to pay a fine or restitution.

Question 11

The goal of community justice is to utilize community stakeholders to control and ultimately reduce crimes.

Question 12

In victim-offender mediation, a mediator first meets with the offender and the victim separately to discern each party's willingness to cooperate.

Question 13

Three strategies that have been used to increase restitution collection rates include notifying the offender through letters and phone calls, restorative justice techniques, and presentence efforts.

Question 14

Restorative justice is a sentencing philosophy that emphasizes the victim taking the responsibility to pursue criminal charges to bring the offender to justice.

Question 15

Measures of restorative justice can include victim satisfaction with the outcome/process, payment of restitution, and offender satisfaction.

Question 16

Collecting restitution is the responsibility of police officers, day reporting centers, and probation officers.

Question 17

Restitution requires an offender to repay a victim for intangible losses directly related to the crime, such as pain and suffering, and attorney's fees.

Question 18

A fine is defined as a fixed monetary sanction imposed by the probation officer, with the amount based on the defendant's ability to pay.

Question 19

Community reparation boards intervene post-conviction, after a case has been sentenced by a traditional court.

Question 20

The overall effectiveness of victim impact panels tends to be mixed, in other words, there is no conclusive data regarding its lasting impact.

Question 21

The payment of money to victims of crimes by the offender to repair harm done through the offense is

A) restitution.
B) community restitution.
C) restoration.
D) day fines.

Question 22

The Code of _________, developed between 1792 and 1750 B.C., mandated thirty-fold restitution if the victim was a "god" or "palace."

A) Leviticus
B) Romans
C) Hammurabi
D) Silence

Question 23

​For juveniles who participate in family group conferencing, it has been determined that most of the applied sanctions consisted of a symbolic apology, counseling, and

A) community service.
B) time in juvenile detention.
C) restitution.
D) forfeiture.

Question 24

Studies of family group conferencing have found that youths who participate in family group conferencing have _____ recidivism rates when compared to youths who did not participate in conferencing.

A) lower
B) higher
C) similar
D) negligible

Question 25

Restorative justice focuses on the victim, the offender, and the

A) community.
B) police department.
C) judge.
D) criminal justice system.

Question 26

In the United States, Western restorative justice is a community-based model and combines mainstream American criminal justice with indigenous justice practiced by __________.

A) Italians
B) Germans
C) Australians
D) Native Americans

Question 27

__________ are panels consisting of volunteer members from the community that decide and enforce the probation conditions of the adjudicated deemed eligible by the traditional court.

A) A dvisory boards
B) Reparation boards
C) Boards of directors
D) Citizen advisory boards

Question 28

The determination of the amount of restitution owed to a victim may include

A) tangible losses that occurred during or following the crime.
B) public defender's fees.
C) court costs.
D) compensation for pain and suffering.

Question 29

Some victims' groups are opposed to the restorative justice initiatives because they believe them to be

A) overly concerned with offender treatment.
B) too centered around the offender.
C) focused only on retribution.
D) antithetical to justice concepts.

Question 30

The theory behind restorative justice is the idea of reintegrative shaming, as presented by

A) John Braithwaite.
B) Ron Akers.
C) Robert Agnew.
D) Gresham Sykes.

Question 31

Reintegrative shaming assumes that

A) social bonds have been weakened and must be repaired.
B) offenders cannot be rehabilitated.
C) labeling offenders as "criminal" or "delinquent" will reduce recidivism.
D) stigmatization is useful in preventing future crime.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT typically used as a measure of the effectiveness of restorative justice?

A) Victim satisfaction
B) Payment of restitution
C) Recidivism rates
D) Offender satisfaction

Question 33

Reparation boards clarify how the offender will repair the harm done, and they

A) enforce the conditions of supervision.
B) identify strategies to reduce future offending.
C) seek restitution/repayment.
D) share grief with the offender.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons victims chose to participate in victim-offender mediation?

A) To seek restitution/repayment
B) To oversee punishment
C) To request a more severe punishment for the offender ​
D) To share their grief with the offender

Question 35

A _________ consists of the offender; the victim; family, friends, and coworkers of both the offender and the victim; social service personnel; juvenile justice personnel; and interested community members who all gather simultaneously.

A) reparation board
B) victim-offender panel
C) sentencing circle group
D) prosecutor's panel

Question 36

_____ is a sentencing philosophy and practice that emphasizes the offender taking responsibility to repair the harm done to the victim and the surrounding community.

A) Restorative justice
B) Incapacitation
C) Surveillance
D) Rehabilitative ideology

Question 37

In crimes against a person or persons, the state acts on behalf of the ________ to punish the offender.

A) victim
B) community
C) offender
D) none of these

Question 38

Restorative justice is less likely to be endorsed by victims of ___________ crimes.

A) violent
B) property
C) white-collar
D) drug

Question 39

__________ requires that juvenile take responsibility for their actions and that the victim actually participates in the process of justice.

A) Family group conferencing
B) A citizen advisory board
C) A board of directors
D) Quality circle thinking

Question 40

_____ entails using the community to control and reduce crime and to rebuild community relationships through community policing, community courts, and restorative justice.

A) Retributive justice
B) Community justice
C) Community policing
D) Broken windows

Question 41

If an incarcerated offender has restitution to pay and has the ability to pay, _________can be contingent upon the prisoner first paying off the entire restitution amount while incarcerated.

Question 42

Which U.S. state was the first to officially use an organized community service program as an official sanction?

A) Washington
B) California
C) Kansas
D) West Virginia

Question 43

In the United States, most fines go to

A) a victim compensation fund.
B) court costs.
C) the state general fund.
D) community development initiatives.

Question 44

Fines are used in about ______ of all state felony cases, most typically as an addition to probation.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 45

Three of the problems associated with restitution are __________ of the defendant, determining the amount of restitution, and collecting restitution.

Question 46

_____ is a form of restorative justice that gives the victim and offender the chance to work out a mutually desirable agreement to repair the harm.

Question 47

Like monetary restitution, community service is both

A) effective and rehabilitative.
B) punitive and a deterrent.
C) rehabilitative and punitive.
D) rehabilitative and ineffective.

Question 48

A(n) _____ consists of a tribal leader; the offender; the victim; family, friends, and coworkers of the offender and the victim; juvenile justice/criminal justice personnel; and interested community members.

Question 49

A fixed monetary sanction defined by statute and imposed by a judge depending on the seriousness of the crime is a(n) ________.

Question 50

A(n) _____ is a court-imposed reimbursement that an offender pays directly to the courts to help defray administrative costs within the criminal justice system.

A) fee ​
B) fine
C) amercement
D) reprimand

Question 51

__________ are a monthly payment by an offender that helps curb the cost of community supervision.

A) Surety bonds
B) Fees
C) Restitution
D) Forfeiture

Question 52

Unpaid service to the public to compensate society for harm done by the offender is

A) restitution.
B) community service.
C) court costs.
D) cost-of-supervision fees.

Question 53

Restitution has a long history, dating back to the Code of _____________.

Question 54

The standards in Bearden v. Georgia state that restitution

A) must be paid in full in all cases.
B) must be paid even if it is after the termination of probation.
C) must be paid if the offender has the ability to pay.
D) must be added to the conditions of probation.

Question 55

Unpaid service to the public to compensate for harm done by the offense of conviction is_____________.

Question 56

A sentencing philosophy and practice that emphasizes the offender taking responsibility to repair the harm done to the victim and to the surrounding community is referred to as ___________________.

Question 57

Studies have suggested that less than ___ of felony offenders had paid restitution in full by the time they completed their sentences.

A) 50%
B) 70%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 58

One of the major problems in evaluating community services programs is that most programs do not have

A) support from prosecutors. ​
B) clear goals and objectives.
C) budgetary support.
D) support from defense counsel.

Question 59

Using the community to control and reduce crime through community policing, community courts, and restorative justice is ____________________.

Question 60

__________ is a payment made by the offender to the victim of a crime and can either be a monetary payment or restoration of a victim's property.

Question 61

A(n) ____ is a court-imposed reimbursement that the offender pays directly to the courts for the administration of the criminal justice system.

Question 62

_________________ justice is a more victim-centered approach than traditional methods of punishment involving both the victim and the community throughout the entire justice process.

Question 63

Are restorative justice methods effective, and if so, how are they measured to determine their overall effectiveness?

Question 64

What is a fine? How is it applied to an offender?

Question 65

The bulk of the money collected from fines assessed to offenders usually go to victim/witness assistance programs or to a general _____.

Question 66

Describe the origins and evolution of restorative justice.

Question 67

Define both victim-offender mediation (VOM) and reparation boards. Next, please compare and contrast the two forms of restorative community justice.

Question 68

A(n) _______ is a government seizure of property because it is illegal contraband, was illegally obtained, was acquired with resources that were illegally obtained, or was used in connection with an illegal activity.

Question 69

What is meant by restitution? Be sure to fully explain your answer.

Question 70

Courts have held that it is unacceptable to require an indigent defendant to pay ____________.