Deck 13: Ethics and Criminal Justice Research

Question 1

The _______________, during which subjects' syphilis was left untreated, is one of the grossest examples of unethical, human subjects-involve research to ever occur in the U.S.

Answer 1

Tuskegee Experiment

Question 2

In ________________, "research"-whether human subject-involved or not- is a process one undertakes to discover reality that follows specific steps

Answer 2

Science

Question 3

__________________ describes early socialization into American culture that includes children learning to accept what those around them "know."

Answer 3

Agreement reality

Question 4

The ________________ is the name given to the post-WWII trial of 23 physicians found guilty of crimes against humanity for their role in the Holocaust.

Question 5

The ________________ significantly expanded the Nuremberg Code's principle of voluntarism by arguing that human subjects should give their consent only after being fully informed of a study's design, goals, funding sources, etc.

Question 6

According to the ________________, basic guiding principles for human subjects-involved research include respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Question 7

________________ is a document presented to a prospective subject that contains a written summary of the research project, including the protocols being used and a description of possible risks and benefits of participating.

Question 8

As prescribed by the Common Rule, an ________________ is a panel of experts who are responsible for approving human subjects-involved research.

Question 9

Researchers will many times offer ______________, including money or other things of economic value, to prospective subjects to get them to participate in a human subjects-involved research project.

Question 10

________________ is accomplished by ensuring that the amount of information available about any particular individual never exceeds a sliding threshold that is adjusted upward as the sensitivity of the information increases.

Question 11

Statistical confidentiality occurs when a researcher, after agreeing to hand over information about human subjects involved in his or her research project to third parties, uses computer software to black out sensitive information about the subjects.

Question 12

The Helsinki Declaration was the result of a post-WWII trial of 23 Nazi physicians for crimes against humanity

Question 13

Nomothetic explanations focus on a small number of factors to understand why a larger-scale pattern exists/and or how it originated.

Question 14

Harm is an event (e.g., drunken driving) that leads to a state (e.g., being in a coma).

Question 15

Research indicates that debriefing can reduce stress and other harms caused to subjects involved in social scientific research.

Question 16

Conflicts of interest occur when a researcher's personal, financial, political, and academic interests coexist, and one interest is illegitimately favored over the others.

Question 17

Consent can be withdrawn by a human subject involved in a social science research project only at the very beginning of the study.

Question 18

For at least 50 years, various codes of ethics guiding human subjects-involved research have devoted one or more sections to ethical issues in researcher safety.

Question 19

Adopting reproducible research tools is one way to prevent harm to human subjects involved in social scientific research.

Question 20

The Nuremberg Code, the Helsinki Declaration, and the Belmont Report each developed and presented a set of guiding principles and practices that focus on the protection of human subjects involved in research studies.

Question 21

Ethical issues in the use of self-reports in human subjects-involved research include:

A) Privacy rights
B) Confidentiality
C) Informed consent
D) All of the above

Question 22

This action, designed to prevent research misconduct, involves storing data and the computer programs used to analyze them in an organized fashion on a secured server that other researchers are allowed to access:

A) Responsible conduct of research
B) Reproducible research tools
C) Scientific method
D) Success measures

Question 23

those found to have committed scientific misconduct may face a specified period of time (three years maximum) of exclusion from receiving federal funding, known as:

A) Expulsion
B) Exclusion
C) Debarment
D) Suspension

Question 24

This type of risk is embedded in the larger setting, say, the inner city of Detroit or a conflict zone in the Middle East:

A) Situational risk
B) Ambient risk
C) Individual risk
D) Collective risk

Question 25

This occurs when personal, financial, political, and academic concerns coexist and there is a potential for one interest to be illegitimately favored over others that have equal or greater legitimacy in a way that might make reasonable people feel misled or deceived:

A) Situational risk
B) Debarment
C) Conflict of interest
D) Scientific misconduct

Question 26

This activity has been shown to reduce stress and other harms caused to human subjects involved in social scientific research.

A) Risk-benefit ratio
B) Harm
C) Debriefing
D) Conflicts of interest

Question 27

This term describes a situation where the riskier is the study, the more good the study's results must show to be considered ethical:

A) Risk-benefit ratio
B) Harm
C) Debriefing
D) Conflict of interest

Question 28

This term describes both an event and a state:

A) Risk-benefit ratio
B) Harm
C) Debriefing
D) Conflict of interest

Question 29

These are risks that are attributable to the very presence of the researcher:

A) Nonfeasance
B) Misuse of authority
C) Ambient risks
D) Situational risks

Question 30

This set of guiding principles for biomedical research was developed by an international tribunal convened in Germany in the aftermath of WWII:

A) Belmont Report
B) Common Rule
C) Berlin Report
D) None of the above

Question 31

Discuss the various actions than can be taken by a university or "think tank" to prevent scientific misconduct by researchers working there who use human subjects.

Question 32

Because scientific evidence created through research may be used in criminal or other trials, should judges (in particular), prosecutors, and defense attorneys receive training in research ethics? Explain.

Question 33

Compare the principles articulated by the Nuremburg Code, the Helsinki Declaration, and the Belmont Report. Are there any common themes you can identify? Describe them and why they are important.

Question 34

Should the same guiding principles for protecting human subjects involved in research be extended to animals involved in research? Why or why not?