Question 1

The _______________, during which subjects' syphilis was left untreated, is one of the grossest examples of unethical, human subjects-involve research to ever occur in the U.S.

Accepted Answer

Tuskegee Experiment

Question 2

In ________________, "research"-whether human subject-involved or not- is a process one undertakes to discover reality that follows specific steps

Accepted Answer

Science

Question 3

__________________ describes early socialization into American culture that includes children learning to accept what those around them "know."

Accepted Answer

Agreement reality

Question 4

The ________________ is the name given to the post-WWII trial of 23 physicians found guilty of crimes against humanity for their role in the Holocaust.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ________________ is the name given to...

Question 5

The ________________ significantly expanded the Nuremberg Code's principle of voluntarism by arguing that human subjects should give their consent only after being fully informed of a study's design, goals, funding sources, etc.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ________________ significantly expanded the Nuremberg Code's...

Question 6

According to the ________________, basic guiding principles for human subjects-involved research include respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the ________________, basic guiding principles...

Question 7

________________ is a document presented to a prospective subject that contains a written summary of the research project, including the protocols being used and a description of possible risks and benefits of participating.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________________ is a document presented to a...

Question 8

As prescribed by the Common Rule, an ________________ is a panel of experts who are responsible for approving human subjects-involved research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As prescribed by the Common Rule, an...

Question 9

Researchers will many times offer ______________, including money or other things of economic value, to prospective subjects to get them to participate in a human subjects-involved research project.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers will many times offer ______________, including...

Question 10

________________ is accomplished by ensuring that the amount of information available about any particular individual never exceeds a sliding threshold that is adjusted upward as the sensitivity of the information increases.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________________ is accomplished by ensuring that the...

Question 11

Statistical confidentiality occurs when a researcher, after agreeing to hand over information about human subjects involved in his or her research project to third parties, uses computer software to black out sensitive information about the subjects.

Accepted Answer

Statistical confidentiality involves protecting the privacy of data subjects by not disclosing identifiable information, not merely blacking out sensitive information after agreeing to share it.

Question 12

The Helsinki Declaration was the result of a post-WWII trial of 23 Nazi physicians for crimes against humanity

Accepted Answer

The Helsinki Declaration was developed by the World Medical Association in 1964 to provide ethical guidelines for medical research involving human subjects, not as a result of the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi physicians.

Question 13

Nomothetic explanations focus on a small number of factors to understand why a larger-scale pattern exists/and or how it originated.

Accepted Answer

Nomothetic explanations aim to identify general laws or principles that explain patterns or phenomena, often focusing on a few key factors that can be generalized across multiple cases.

Question 14

Harm is an event (e.g., drunken driving) that leads to a state (e.g., being in a coma).

Accepted Answer

Harm refers to an event or action that causes injury or damage, leading to a negative state or condition.

Question 15

Research indicates that debriefing can reduce stress and other harms caused to subjects involved in social scientific research.

Accepted Answer

Debriefing helps participants process their experiences, understand the study's purpose, and address any negative emotions, thereby reducing stress and potential harm.

Question 16

Conflicts of interest occur when a researcher's personal, financial, political, and academic interests coexist, and one interest is illegitimately favored over the others.

Accepted Answer

Conflicts of interest arise when a researcher's multiple interests could potentially influence their professional judgment or actions, leading to a bias that favors one interest over others.

Question 17

Consent can be withdrawn by a human subject involved in a social science research project only at the very beginning of the study.

Accepted Answer

Consent can be withdrawn by a participant at any point during a study, not just at the beginning, as part of ethical research practices.

Question 18

For at least 50 years, various codes of ethics guiding human subjects-involved research have devoted one or more sections to ethical issues in researcher safety.

Accepted Answer

The codes of ethics for human subjects-involved research primarily focus on the safety and rights of the participants, not the researchers.

Question 19

Adopting reproducible research tools is one way to prevent harm to human subjects involved in social scientific research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Adopting reproducible research tools is one way...

Question 20

The Nuremberg Code, the Helsinki Declaration, and the Belmont Report each developed and presented a set of guiding principles and practices that focus on the protection of human subjects involved in research studies.

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg Code, the Helsinki Declaration, and the Belmont Report are all foundational documents that establish ethical guidelines for conducting research involving human subjects, emphasizing their protection and rights.

Quiz 13: Ethics and Criminal Justice Research