Deck 5: Prevention of Illness and Health-Promotion Intervention

Question 1

The World Health Organization defines the term ________ as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health."

A) health proactivity
B) health participation
C) health prevention
D) health promotion

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The transtheoretical model of behaviour change ________.

A) addresses the needs of behaviour change for the entire population
B) addresses the health needs of people who are too sick to take care of themselves
C) predicts future health-related behaviours of general populations
D) addresses the needs of individuals only

Answer 2

A

Question 3

During its development, the initial finding of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change was that ________.

A) change is very hard to achieve and is reversible
B) behaviour change can only occur following increasing amounts of rewards
C) behaviour change occurs in stages
D) behaviour change occurs once in a lifetime

Answer 3

C

Question 4

One of the processes described by the transtheoretical model of behaviour change is called "consciousness-raising," which is most appropriately defined as increasing awareness about ________.

A) the causes of a specific behavioural habit
B) the consequences of a specific behavioural habit
C) the cures available for a specific behavioural habit
D) all of the above

Question 5

Decisional balance refers to weighing the pros and cons of ________.

A) stability
B) change
C) increasing one's social network
D) self-liberation

Question 6

The initial group investigated at the start of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change was ________.

A) smokers
B) alcohol abusers
C) people with eating disorders
D) people with high level of stress

Question 7

________ of a population at risk is usually prepared to take action for change.

A) More than 90 per cent
B) About 60 per cent
C) About 40 per cent
D) Less than 20 per cent

Question 8

________ is the first stage of change in the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

A) Contemplation
B) Preparation
C) Precontemplation
D) Maintenance

Question 9

In the first stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, people are often not ________.

A) poorly informed
B) discouraged by previous failures
C) very eager to start change
D) under-informed

Question 10

________ is the main feature that characterizes the second stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

A) Avoidance
B) Seeking information about change
C) Profound ambivalence about change
D) Discouragement

Question 11

________ is not one of the defining features of the third stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

A) Profound ambivalence
B) Intending to take action in the immediate future
C) Having already taken some significant steps towards change
D) Having a plan of action

Question 12

________ is the fourth stage of change in the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

A) Precontemplation
B) Preparation
C) Action
D) Maintenance

Question 13

________ is the defining feature of the fourth stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

A) Having made observable changes in behaviour
B) Having some plan of action in place
C) Being profoundly ambivalent
D) Relapsing into old behaviours

Question 14

In the action stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, ________ is considered an acceptable action towards smoking cessation.

A) switching to low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes
B) reduction in the number of cigarettes
C) only total abstinence
D) both a and b

Question 15

During the ________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, people are less tempted to relapse and grow increasingly confident that they can continue their changes.

A) Contemplation
B) Preparation
C) Action
D) Maintenance

Question 16

________ is the fifth stage of change in the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

A) Precontemplation
B) Preparation
C) Action
D) Maintenance

Question 17

________ is, in a sense, a sixth stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, when people are not tempted and have total self-efficacy.

A) Cessation
B) Dissolution
C) Termination
D) Culmination

Question 18

________ is a process of change that combines both cognitive and affective assessments of one's self-image with and without a particular unhealthy habit.

A) Environmental reevaluation
B) Dramatic relief
C) Consciousness raising
D) Self-reevaluation

Question 19

According to the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, the best definition of "counter conditioning" is ________.

A) the removal of cues for unhealthy habits
B) adding positive rewards for taking steps in the healthy direction
C) learning healthy behaviours in place of risky and unhealthy habits
D) the belief that one can change

Question 20

________ is the situation-specific confidence that people have while coping with high-risk situations without relapsing into their unhealthy habit.

A) Self-assurance
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-control

Question 21

________ is not a factor reflecting a common type of tempting situation.

A) Negative affect
B) Positive affect
C) Positive social situation
D) Craving

Question 22

The following is not an assumption that drives transtheoretical theory, research, and practice: ________.

A) Behaviour change is a process that unfolds over time
B) Stages are both stable and open to change
C) Most at-risk populations are quite prepared for action
D) Specific principles and processes of change need to be emphasized at specific stages

Question 23

In studies of 12 different problem behaviours, it was confirmed that helping people to make better decisions involves focus on ________.

A) the benefits of social support
B) stage distribution
C) the pros and cons of change
D) the benefits of psychological support

Question 24

________ is the increased probability that individuals who take effective action on one behaviour are more likely to take action on a secondary behaviour.

A) Co-action
B) Co-operation
C) Co-ordination
D) Co-occurrence

Question 25

Briefly describe the processes taking place in the minds of people at stage one of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

Question 26

Discuss the empirical relationship, according to the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, between stage progression and the balance of "pros" and "cons" at each stage.

Question 27

Discuss the empirical relationship between stage progression and the process predominantly used at each stage of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

Question 28

Explain why it is important to address "multiple behaviours change."

Question 29

Briefly outline how the transtheoretical model of behaviour change impacts "multiple behaviours changes," compared to other approaches.

Question 30

Briefly outline the founding idea of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

Question 31

Briefly explain the following statement: "Certain principles and processes work best at each stage to reduce resistance and prevent relapse."

Question 32

Explain the meaning of "termination" in the context of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

Question 33

Briefly outline one example and its significance for self-reevaluation in the context of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

Question 34

Compare and contrast environmental reevaluation and self-reevaluation.

Question 35

Briefly discuss the importance of the concept of "coaction" when attempting to address multiple unhealthy behaviours and how this parameter can be uniquely influenced by the transtheoretical model of behaviour change.

Question 36

Summarize the major areas of future research to make the transtheoretical model of behaviour change an effective instrument to all relevant segments of the population, including youth and minorities.

Question 37

After reading Chapter 5, summarize why, in your opinion, the transtheoretical model of behaviour change is emerging as a major player in changing multiple behaviours simultaneously.

Question 38

Select three widespread unhealthy behaviours and discuss their impact on society as a whole, including mortality and disability rates, health care costs, and missed work.

Question 39

Outline and discuss the unique features of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change that set this approach apart and allow it to address the needs of entire societies.