Deck 6: Human Development and Individual Differences

Question 1

The "terrible twos" phenomenon is completely absent in some cultures.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Most parents in the United States are either permissive or autocratic, but most Chinese American parents are authoritative, and their children usually perform well in school.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Researchers Barbara Rogoff and Christine Mosier studied childrearing practices in Guatemala and the United States. Which of these was a major finding from their study?

A) Guatemalan mothers allowed young children to play with hazardous toys, but American mothers did not.
B) American mothers allowed young children to play with hazardous toys, but Guatemalan mothers did not.
C) When an older sibling wanted to play with something a toddler had, American mothers did not insist on sharing or turn-taking.
D) When an older sibling wanted to play with something a toddler had, Guatemalan mothers did not insist on sharing or turn-taking.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In the United States, the authoritative parenting style is associated with producing children who ____________________________.

A) are well adjusted and academically successful
B) follow the rules and become strict parents themselves
C) are politically and socially conservative
D) all of the above

Question 5

Researchers have identified two dimensions of parenting that, when combined, produce four distinct parenting styles. Name the dimensions and the parenting styles.

Question 6

Why is autocratic parenting usually successful in Chinese and Chinese American families?

Question 7

Studies have found a relationship between cultural individualism and the onset of adulthood, with young people living in individualistic countries assuming work and family responsibilities earlier in life.

Question 8

The Five Factor Model states that personality trait levels (high or low) are stable across the lifespan because traits are inborn tendencies-and life events have little or no effect on them.

Question 9

Values of the correlation coefficient r _____________________________.

A) express the strength of the mathematical relationship between two variables
B) can range from 0.00 to +1.00
C) cannot be used to characterize an inverse relationship
D) all of the above

Question 10

_____________________ states that major role-transitions in early adulthood trigger changes in personality.

A) LOAR theory
B) Role theory
C) Social investment theory
D) The Five Factor Model

Question 11

Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, teenagers and young adults in the United States were taking longer to achieve milestones like driving, dating, moving out, becoming financially independent, and parenthood. Why?

Question 12

In a cross-sectional study, researchers collect data from different-aged people at a single point in time. In a longitudinal study, researchers collect data from a single group of people over time. Which type of study is preferable when investigating a developmental process like personality maturation? Why?

Question 13

Studies have found that persons born and raised in Japan generally report lower levels of self-esteem than persons born and raised in Canada.

Question 14

In their study of 53 countries and 17,000 individuals, researchers Schmitt and Allik found that people living in individualistic nations generally had much higher self-esteem scores than people living in collectivistic nations.

Question 15

According to researchers, which of the following is the most likely explanation for national differences in self-esteem scores?

A) Self-esteem is affected by genetics, and different countries have different gene pools.
B) Countries that perform well in the Summer Olympics or World Cup tend to report higher levels of self-esteem.
C) People living in different countries have different diets, and self-esteem is affected by diet.
D) People in some countries are more modest than people in other countries, so they agree with statements about self-esteem "somewhat" instead of "strongly."

Question 16

Which (hypothetical) study finding below is consistent with the idea that Canadians are especially motivated to engage in self-enhancement?

A) Canadians who believed they were good at solving puzzles were more likely than Japanese to continue to play with the puzzles.
B) Canadians who believed they were not very good at puzzles were more likely than Japanese to continue to play with the puzzles.
C) Canadian children are more likely than Japanese children to enroll in music lessons and foreign language classes.
D) both b and c

Question 17

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is said to be a reliable and valid test. What is a reliable test? What is a valid test?

Question 18

According to studies, why do Americans and Canadians generally report higher levels of self-esteem than East Asians?

Question 19

Over the years, many cultural observers have stated that Muslim Arabs are more fatalistic than non-Muslims and non-Arabs.

Question 20

In social science, a test is said to be reliable if it accurately measures what it claims to measure.

Question 21

Fatalism is the belief that _______________________.

A) human behavior is determined by external factors, not personality characteristics
B) major world religions share the same values and have the same concerns
C) events are predetermined and inevitable
D) God exists, even though bad things sometimes happen to good people

Question 22

In her review of fatalism studies, Danielle Blazek discovered that _______________.

A) researchers agreed on the definition of fatalism but disagreed on the best way to measure it
B) researchers agreed on the measurement of fatalism but disagreed on the best way to define it
C) national fatalism scores were higher in Southern Europe than in Northern Europe
D) studies of group differences and regional differences produced inconsistent results

Question 23

When researchers construct a scale that is designed to measure a psychological variable, they want the scale to have good test-retest reliability and good construct validity. What is test-retest reliability? What is construct validity?

Question 24

In their study of university students in Morocco and the United States, White and Blazek discovered that Muslim Moroccans were both more fatalistic and less fatalistic than Americans. How so?