Question 1

The "terrible twos" phenomenon is completely absent in some cultures.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the "terrible twos," characterized by tantrums and challenging behaviors, are not universally experienced across all cultures. This variation suggests that parenting styles, cultural expectations, and social norms play significant roles in the manifestation of these behaviors.

Question 2

Most parents in the United States are either permissive or autocratic, but most Chinese American parents are authoritative, and their children usually perform well in school.

Accepted Answer

Parenting styles are diverse and cannot be strictly categorized by cultural or ethnic backgrounds. While some studies suggest trends in parenting styles among different cultural groups, there is significant variation within any group, and attributing a specific parenting style to Chinese American parents or suggesting it as a reason for academic performance oversimplifies the complexities of parenting, culture, and academic achievement.

Question 3

Researchers Barbara Rogoff and Christine Mosier studied childrearing practices in Guatemala and the United States. Which of these was a major finding from their study?

Accepted Answer

Rogoff and Mosier's research highlighted cultural differences in childrearing practices, finding that Guatemalan mothers were less likely to enforce sharing or turn-taking when an older sibling wanted something a toddler had, in contrast to practices more commonly observed in the United States.

Question 4

In the United States, the authoritative parenting style is associated with producing children who ____________________________.

Accepted Answer

The authoritative parenting style, characterized by high responsiveness and high demands, is associated with producing children who are well adjusted and academically successful. This style is known for its balance between setting clear expectations and being responsive to children's needs.

Question 5

Researchers have identified two dimensions of parenting that, when combined, produce four distinct parenting styles. Name the dimensions and the parenting styles.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers have identified two dimensions of parenting...

Question 6

Why is autocratic parenting usually successful in Chinese and Chinese American families?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is autocratic parenting usually successful in...

Question 7

Studies have found a relationship between cultural individualism and the onset of adulthood, with young people living in individualistic countries assuming work and family responsibilities earlier in life.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that in individualistic countries, young people tend to delay taking on work and family responsibilities, contrasting with collectivist societies where there's often an earlier transition to adulthood roles.

Question 8

The Five Factor Model states that personality trait levels (high or low) are stable across the lifespan because traits are inborn tendencies-and life events have little or no effect on them.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Five Factor Model states that personality...

Question 9

Values of the correlation coefficient r _____________________________.

Accepted Answer

The correlation coefficient r is used to express the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It can range from -1.00 to +1.00, where values close to -1 or +1 indicate a strong relationship, and values near 0 indicate a weak relationship. Negative values indicate an inverse relationship, contradicting choice C, and choice B is incorrect because the range includes negative values as well.

Question 10

_____________________ states that major role-transitions in early adulthood trigger changes in personality.

Accepted Answer

Social investment theory suggests that major role transitions in early adulthood, such as starting a career or a family, can lead to changes in personality by promoting the development of adult social roles.

Question 11

Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, teenagers and young adults in the United States were taking longer to achieve milestones like driving, dating, moving out, becoming financially independent, and parenthood. Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, teenagers and...

Question 12

In a cross-sectional study, researchers collect data from different-aged people at a single point in time. In a longitudinal study, researchers collect data from a single group of people over time. Which type of study is preferable when investigating a developmental process like personality maturation? Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a cross-sectional study, researchers collect data...

Question 13

Studies have found that persons born and raised in Japan generally report lower levels of self-esteem than persons born and raised in Canada.

Accepted Answer

Cultural differences between Japan and Canada, such as collectivism in Japan versus individualism in Canada, contribute to this phenomenon. Japanese culture often emphasizes humility and group harmony, which can lead to lower self-reported levels of self-esteem compared to the more individualistic and self-affirming culture found in Canada.

Question 14

In their study of 53 countries and 17,000 individuals, researchers Schmitt and Allik found that people living in individualistic nations generally had much higher self-esteem scores than people living in collectivistic nations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In their study of 53 countries and...

Question 15

According to researchers, which of the following is the most likely explanation for national differences in self-esteem scores?

Accepted Answer

The most likely explanation for national differences in self-esteem scores is related to cultural differences in modesty and the way individuals from different countries might respond to self-esteem statements. People in some cultures are more modest and may tend to agree with statements about self-esteem less strongly, affecting the overall self-esteem scores reported.

Question 16

Which (hypothetical) study finding below is consistent with the idea that Canadians are especially motivated to engage in self-enhancement?

Accepted Answer

Self-enhancement involves focusing on and enhancing one's positive qualities. Choice A, where Canadians who believed they were good at puzzles continued to play with them, aligns with self-enhancement by emphasizing and engaging in an activity they perceive themselves as skilled in.

Question 17

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is said to be a reliable and valid test. What is a reliable test? What is a valid test?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is said to...

Question 18

According to studies, why do Americans and Canadians generally report higher levels of self-esteem than East Asians?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to studies, why do Americans and...

Question 19

Over the years, many cultural observers have stated that Muslim Arabs are more fatalistic than non-Muslims and non-Arabs.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true because many cultural observers have stated that Muslim Arabs are more fatalistic than non-Muslims and non-Arabs.

Question 20

In social science, a test is said to be reliable if it accurately measures what it claims to measure.

Accepted Answer

In social science, a test is said to be reliable if it consistently produces the same results under the same conditions, not necessarily if it accurately measures what it claims to measure. Accuracy in measuring what it claims to measure refers to validity, not reliability.

Quiz 6: Human Development and Individual Differences