Deck 10: Mental Disorder

Question 1

The lower the socioeconomic status the higher the likelihood of mental illness.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

From the 1950s until today, the number of patients in residence in public mental hospitals in the United States has increased dramatically.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Mental illness is not a form of deviance since it is not freely chosen.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The labeling approach to mental illness is a classic example of constructionism.

Question 5

Over time in the psychiatric profession, the Freudian or psychoanalytic approach to treating mental disorder has declined in importance and influence.

Question 6

Consistently, all data sources show that men have higher rates of mental disorder than women.

Question 7

During the past century, the ratio of males to females in hospital admissions has increased.

Question 8

The essentialistic approach to mental illness calls for medical treatment, such as administering drugs, electroshock therapy, or psychosurgery.

Question 9

The "hardest" or more extreme version of the essentialistic approach to mental illness is referred to as the medical approach.

Question 10

Married men are more likely to be diagnosed as mentally ill than is true of single men.

Question 11

Between 1955 and today, the average length of stay of patients admitted to public mental hospitals has increased.

Question 12

The findings of David Rosenhan's article, "On Being Sane in Insane Places," have been accepted as valid and definitive by nearly all practicing psychologists and psychiatrists.

Question 13

Between 1955 and today, the proportion of patients admitted to public mental hospitals in the United States who are administered psychotropic drugs has increased.

Question 14

Insofar as being mentally ill entails a reduced capacity to perform valued social roles and tasks, it will always be widely regarded as a form of deviance.

Question 15

Other things being equal, psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are more likely to diagnose men as mentally ill than is true of women.

Question 16

Between 1955 and today, the number of patients admitted to public mental hospitals in the United States has increased.

Question 17

Unlike the subject of most of the chapters in this book, mental disorder is not a specific form of behavior as such; it is a psychic condition that manifests itself in a wide range of behaviors, thought patterns, and verbal utterances.

Question 18

Family members tend to accept mental illness labels of one of their members quickly, readily, on the basis of relatively little evidence.

Question 19

Mental "disorder" and mental "illness" are identical; they are two terms for one and the same thing.

Question 20

In the fourth edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, The American Psychiatric Association defines mental illness specifically and concretely.

Question 21

The American Psychiatric Association's definition of mental disorder, as spelled out in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, is:

A) predominantly constructionist
B) predominantly essentialist
C) as much constructionist as essentialist
D) neither constructionist nor essentialist
E) none of the above

Question 22

Over the past 50 years, the number of patients in residence in mental hospitals on any given day has:

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) fluctuated randomly and erratically from year to year
E) remained unknown

Question 23

Which of the following is a mental disorder but is not an example of mental illness:

A) schizophrenia
B) autism
C) clinical depression
D) bipolar disorder
E) none of the above; all are mental illnesses

Question 24

As it is currently administered, the practice of the deinstitutionalization of the mentally disordered:

A) has committed hundreds of thousands of people to mental hospitals who do not belong there.
B) is based on close monitoring of the mentally disordered so that every one takes his/her medication, ensuring their safety and mental health, and the
safety of the general public.
C) involves housing all formerly incarcerated mental patients in halfway houses administered by mental heal professions, for a period of time after
their release, to ensure a smooth transition into the community.
D) began as a progressive, humane measure to help the mentally disordered, but became a means of reducing government budgets, thereby "dumping"
the mentally ill onto the street.
E) none of the above

Question 25

The reason for the development asked about in the previous question is:

A) the administration of electroshock therapy to mental patients.
B) transferring hundreds of thousands of mental patients to prisons.
C) changing criteria determining who is mentally ill.
D) the administration of psychotropic drugs to mental patients.
E) the ruthless impulse to hospitalize and incarcerate as many people as possible.

Question 26

In their publications, David Rosenhan, "On Being Sane in Insane Places" and Robert Spitzer, "On Pseudoscience in Science," differ about the basic nature of mental illness and disorder. How would you characterize their approaches?

A) Rosenhan is an essentialist; Spitzer is a constructionist.
B) Rosenhan is a constructionist; Spitzer is an essentialist.
C) Both Rosenhan and Spitzer are essentialists; their differences lie elsewhere.
D) Both Rosenhan and Spitzer are constructionists; their differences lie elsewhere.
E) none of the above

Question 27

Which author regards mental disorder as a materially real condition, much like a medical illness?

A) Rosenhan does; Spitzer does not
B) Rosenhan does not; Spitzer does
C) both do
D) neither does
E) none of the above

Question 28

In putting together his article, which author conducted a quasi-experiment and which did a summary of the existing published literature on mental disorder?

A) Rosenhan conducted a quasi-experiment; Spitzer summarized the literature.
B) Rosenhan summarized the literature; Spitzer conducted a quasi-experiment.
C) Both Rosenhan and Spitzer conducted quasi-experiments.
D) Both Rosenhan and Spitzer surveyed the literature.
E) none of the above

Question 29

Today, the most common form of treatment for serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, is:

A) surgery
B) electroshock therapy
C) hydrotherapy
D) chemical treatment
E) long-range confinement in a mental hospital

Question 30

Epidemiological studies on mental illness show that:

A) Married men are more likely to be diagnosed as mentally ill than unmarried men are.
B) Unmarried men are more likely to be diagnosed as mentally ill than married men are.
C) Married and unmarried men are equally as likely to be diagnosed as mentally ill.
D) Rates of diagnosis of both married and unmarried men remain completely unknown.
E) none of the above

Question 31

In the field of mental disorder:

A) etiology refers to the distribution of disorder in the population; epidemiology refers to the causes of disorders.
B) epidemiology refers to the distribution of disorder in the population; etiology refers to the causes of disorder.
C) both etiology and epidemiology refer to the distribution of disorders in the population; their distinction lies elsewhere.
D) both etiology and epidemiology refer to the causes of disorders in the population; their distinct lies elsewhere.
E) none of the above

Question 32

In the study of mental disorder, essentialists are interested in:

A) epidemiology, but not etiology.
B) etiology, but not epidemiology.
C) both epidemiology and etiology.
D) neither epidemiology or etiology.
E) none of the above

Question 33

To the essentialist, for the most part:

A) epidemiology is in the service of etiology.
B) etiology is in the service of epidemiology.
C) epidemiology and etiology are in the service of one another.
D) neither epidemiology nor etiology are in the service of the other.
E) none of the above

Question 34

Thomas Scheff's labeling theory of mental illness argues that:

A) mental illness is a myth.
B) being labeled as eccentric or bizarre results in becoming mentally ill.
C) mental illness is entirely a social construction.
D) mental illness is distributed randomly in the population
E) none of the above

Question 35

The "modified" labeling approach argues that

A) the social labeling of mental illness is random, arbitrary, capricious
B) hospitalization, or the treatment of mental illness, most often results in the melioration of the patient's condition.
C) the general public is eager to label someone as mentally ill
D) the mentally ill are more creative, more intelligent, and more capable than the so-called "normal" members of the society
E) none of the above

Question 36

With respect to mental hospital admissions:

A) men are more likely to be admitted to mental hospitals than women.
B) women are more likely to be admitted to mental hospitals than men.
C) the rate of mental hospital admissions is random with respect to gender.
D) the rate of mental hospital admissions is unknown and unknowable with respect to gender.
E) none of the above

Question 37

As a general rule, the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and mental illness is:

A) positive--the higher the SES, the greater the likelihood of mental illness
B) negative--the higher the SES, the lower the likelihood of mental illness
C) nonexistent or random
D) unknown
E) none of the above

Question 38

Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists have:

A) a higher standard of mental health for men than for women.
B) a higher standard of mental health for women than for men.
C) the same standard of mental health for men as for women.
D) a random standard with respect to mental health and gender.
E) none of the above

Question 39

The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) defines mental disorder as:

A) a form of deviance.
B) a response to a temporary distressing event
C) political, religious, or sexual activities or beliefs that run counter to society's Norms
D) a syndrome that is associated with long-term distress, impairment, and/or a Significant increase in suffering, death, pain, or disability
E) none of the above

Question 40

Of the following, the constructionist is most likely to focus on the:

A) accuracy of psychiatric diagnosis.
B) epidemiology of mental illness--its distribution in the population.
C) etiology of mental illness--its causes.
D) most effective cure or treatment for mental illness.
E) mental illness enterprise or "discourse"

Question 41

Bruno Bettelheim's theory in The Empty Fortress is that the agent most responsible for a child's autism is:

A) the child's father
B) the child's mother
C) genetic factors
D) hormonal factors
E) vaccination

Question 42

Today, most experts believe that Bruno Bettelheim's writings on autism:

A) were a great leap forward in understanding ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)
B) were a severe set-back for the understanding of ASD
C) had no impact whatsoever on any understanding of ASD
D) had an unknown and unknowable impact on the understanding of ASD
E) none of the above

Question 43

The constructionist approach does not apply to:

A) sexual behavior
B) mental disorder
C) unconventional beliefs
D) white collar crime
E) none of the above; the constructionist approach applies to all deviant behavior and conditions

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true:

A) A same-gender sexual preference (or "homosexuality") was not listed as a psycho-sexual or personality disorder or disturbance in DSM-I (1952); it was
listed in DSM-V (2014).
B) A same-gender sexual preference (or "homosexuality") was listed as a psycho- sexual or personality disorder or disturbance in DSM-I (1952); it was not
listed in DSM-I (2014).
C) A same-gender sexual preference (or "homosexuality") was listed as a psycho- sexual or personality disorder or disturbance in both DSM-I (1952) and DSM-V (2014).
D) A same-gender sexual preference (or "homosexuality") was listed as a psycho- sexual or personality disorder or disturbance in neither DSM-I (1952) nor DSM-V (2014).
E) none of the above

Question 45

The constructionist (and labeling) perspective argues that the reality of mental disorder is called into being by:

A) a severe breakdown
B) severe stress
C) a crisis in a person's life
D) the labeling process
E) none of the above

Question 46

Schizophrenia is most common among members of:

A) the upper class
B) the middle class
C) the lower and working class
D) all classes; it is randomly distributed throughout the social class hierarchy.
E) non classes; this relationship is unknown and unknowable

Question 47

Symptoms of schizophrenia do not include:

A) delusions
B) disorganized speech
C) catatonia
D) paranoia
E) none of the above; symptoms include all of the above

Question 48

APA's (the American Psychiatric Association's) DSM-V (2014) lists:

A) many more disorders than its DSM-I (1952).
B) many fewer disorders than its DSM-I (1952).
C) the same number of disorders as its DSM-I (1952).
D) an unknown and unknowable number of symptoms as compared with its DSM-I (1952).
E) none of the above

Question 49

Epidemiology is the study of:

A) the causes of diseases, including mental disorders.
B) the course of the treatment of a given episode of a disease, including mental disorders.
C) the distribution of diseases, including mental disorders, in the population.
D) the history of a given disease, including mental disorder, in a family.
E) none of the above

Question 50

DSM-V (2014) does not mention which of the following as a disorder:

A) autism
B) mental illness
C) Tourette's Syndrome
D) schizophrenia
E) bipolar disorder

Question 51

Which of the following is true? According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA):

A) schizophrenia is a mood disorder; depression is a thought disorder.
B) schizophrenia is a thought disorder; depression is a mood disorder.
C) both schizophrenia and depression are mood disorders.
D) both schizophrenia and depression are thought disorders.
E) none of the above.

Question 52

Which of the following is not mentioned as a disorder in DSM-V (2014):

A) schizophrenia
B) depression
C) autism
D) same-gender sexual preference
E) none of the above; all are mentioned as a disorder in DSM-V (2014)

Question 53

Which of the following is not mentioned as a disorder in DSM-V (2014):

A) Altzheimer's
B) Parkinson's
C) atheism
D) agoraphobia
E) none of the above; all are listed as disorders

Question 54

What is deinstitutionalization? What brought it about? What consequences has it had? What do you think can be done about it? Why will a solution to the problem, in all likelihood, not be reached any time soon?

Question 55

Over the past half-century or so, treatment for mental disorders has undergone a revolution. What is the nature of this revolution? What consequences has it had? What are some causes of this change?

Question 56

Contrast the positions of David Rosenhan ("On Being Sane in Insane Places") and Robert Spitzer ("On Pseudoscience in Science") with respect to the reality of mental illness as well as its diagnosability? With respect to the distinction between essentialism and constructionism spelled out early in this chapter, which of these two figures favors which position? Cite evidence in their statements to back up your assertion.

Question 57

What are the differences between mental "illness" and mental "disorder." Be specific and detailed; give examples. Is all mental illness mental disorder? Is all mental disorder mental illness?

Question 58

Contrast the essentialist and the constructionist approaches or models of mental illness, including the subtypes and varieties of each. What would each have to say about the causes of mental illness. About mental illness diagnosis? Treatment?