Deck 4: Accounting for Gendercrime Patterns

Question 1

Which term is used to describe the frequency with which various offenses or combinations of offenses are committed?

A) conclusions
B) assumption
C) nature
D) extent

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following crimes is an example of a female-gender-related crime?

A) rape
B) homicide
C) robbery
D) sex work

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following crimes is an example of a male-gender-related crime?

A) sex work
B) petty theft
C) homicide
D) identity theft

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The type and seriousness of various offenses are addressed via the ______.

A) extent of offending
B) nature of offending
C) assumptions about offending
D) stereotypes about offending

Question 5

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) measures crime by looking at ______.

A) arrests
B) victim injuries
C) witness statements
D) court convictions

Question 6

The most popular data set used to assess crime rates in the United States is ______.

A) NIBRS
B) UCR
C) NCVS
D) UNODOC

Question 7

The biggest shortcoming of the UCR and NIBRS is that ______.

A) they do not include crimes unknown and unreported to the police
B) they only focus on street crimes and exclude other offenses
C) they derive their data from a sample
D) they do not follow respondents who move

Question 8

The ______ is survey of representative households from across the country collected by the federal government?

A) UCR
B) NIBRS
C) NCVS
D) UNODOC

Question 9

How frequently does the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile their data?

A) weekly
B) monthly
C) quarterly
D) yearly

Question 10

Which of the following statements pertaining to the NIBRS data is true?

A) It is considered inferior to the UCR.
B) It includes domestic violence.
C) It is nationally representative data.
D) It does not include data on victim injuries.

Question 11

In looking at UCR data from 2009 to 2018, which crime was gender-neutral among all ages, but male-gender-related among youth?

A) larceny-theft
B) prostitution
C) commercialized vice
D) embezzlement

Question 12

According to the author, which crimes have always been female-gender-related?

A) prostitution and commercialized vice
B) commercialized vice and embezzlement
C) embezzlement and larceny-theft
D) larceny-theft and prostitution

Question 13

Harsher policies targeting women and girls in the last third of the 20th century were a result of ______.

A) women's liberation
B) emancipation
C) civil rights movement
D) moral panic

Question 14

In patterns of ______, the gender gap widens over time.

A) gender divergence
B) gender stability
C) gender convergence
D) no trend

Question 15

Where gender-crime rates approach each other, it is referred to as ______.

A) no trend
B) gender stability
C) gender convergence
D) gender divergence

Question 16

When gender rates covary; they rise, fall, and stay flat together, it is considered to be a pattern of ______.

A) no trend
B) gender stability
C) gender convergence
D) gender divergence

Question 17

In times of economic depression, which pattern would be expected?

A) gender stability
B) gender convergence
C) gender divergence
D) no trend

Question 18

In a tough-on-crime era, what gender pattern is expected?

A) gender divergence
B) gender convergence
C) gender stability
D) no trend

Question 19

Which pattern is associated with an increase in differences/gaps in crime rates?

A) gender stability
B) gender convergence
C) gender divergence
D) no trend

Question 20

Which pattern is consistent with Adler's (1975) and Simon's (1975) women's "liberation" emancipation hypothesis?

A) gender stability
B) gender convergence
C) gender divergence
D) no trend

Question 21

Which of the following patterns is examined by Step 1?

A) gender stability
B) gender convergence
C) gender divergence
D) gender instability

Question 22

If a researcher is examining gender-convergence patterns using official UCR data, they are partaking in which of the following steps?

A) Step 1
B) Step 2
C) Step 3
D) Step 4

Question 23

Which type of data is a better indication of police disproportionately targeting and privileging individuals?

A) arrest data
B) offending rates
C) court convictions
D) self-report

Question 24

Which type of data is considered to a far more accurate measure of the actual crime rate than the others?

A) arrest data
B) self-report data
C) court conviction data
D) recidivism data

Question 25

The feminization of poverty is an example of a(n) ______ change.

A) social
B) policy
C) cultural
D) economic

Question 26

Which step stresses that using police data to assess gender-crime patterns is problematic given how many crimes are unreported and unknown to the police?

A) Step 1
B) Step 2
C) Step 3
D) Step 4

Question 27

Most gender-gap crime research uses which type of data?

A) NIBRS
B) NCVS
C) UCR
D) self-reported surveys

Question 28

According to the text, a higher percentage of female than male entanglement in the system is likely a result of ______.

A) disenfranchisement
B) prison pipeline
C) soft on crime policies
D) net-widening

Question 29

A key aspect of Step 3 has to do with ______.

A) gender gap
B) net-widening
C) prison pipeline
D) disenfranchisement

Question 30

Most research that addresses gender-crime patterns, until the 1990s, reported a tendency toward which of the following?

A) gender convergence
B) gender divergence
C) gender stability
D) no trend

Question 31

The finding that women/girls are an increasingly larger percentage of arrests is consistent with which of the following patterns?

A) gender convergence
B) gender divergence
C) gender stability
D) no trend

Question 32

Which of the following is at least in part due to men's/boys' arrest rates decreasing at a steeper rate than women's/girls' rates are decreasing?

A) gender convergence
B) gender divergence
C) gender stability
D) no trend

Question 33

Accounting for changes in economic, social, and political conditions takes place during which step?

A) Step 1
B) Step 2
C) Step 3
D) Step 4

Question 34

Relabeling status crimes as delinquent acts is an example of ______.

A) net-widening
B) moral panic
C) charging down
D) up-criming

Question 35

An infraction at a school that was once handled by school officials is now handled by police and the courts is an example of ______.

A) moral panic
B) net-closing
C) charging up
D) down-criming

Question 36

DUI data since the 1980s support which of the following patterns?

A) no trend
B) gender stability
C) gender divergence
D) gender convergence

Question 37

The most recent research shows that the ______ pattern is the most common.

A) no trend
B) gender stability
C) gender convergence
D) gender divergence

Question 38

According to the text, most people who break the law do so between the ages of ______.

A) 5 and 14
B) 15 and 24
C) 25 and 34
D) 35 and 44

Question 39

Crimes for juveniles (under the age of 18) are referred to as ______.

A) infractions
B) misdemeanors
C) status offenses
D) felonies

Question 40

Triplet and Myers (1995) found that girls were more likely than boys to report ______.

A) being on drugs during the assault
B) beating their victims or attacking them with a weapon
C) having their victims cut or hospitalized
D) hurting their assault victims when the victims were students

Question 41

According to Triplet and Myers (1995), boys were more likely than girls to report ______.

A) hurting their assault victims when the victims were students
B) running to a friend's house when they ran away
C) being on drugs during the assault
D) using force for reasons other than to get money

Question 42

Which of the following variables would affect the likelihood that one will turn to crime for survival?

A) race
B) class
C) sex
D) age

Question 43

According to Diane K. Lewis (1981), ______ women epitomize the type of deviant women the criminal justice system is committed to punish.

A) White
B) Indigenous
C) Black
D) Asian American

Question 44

If a researcher wants to present a more valid measure of offending, they should use which of the following type of data?

A) UCR
B) NCVS
C) NIBRS
D) self-report surveys

Question 45

The sexualization of girls' lives can be manifested in delinquency or perceptions of delinquency in which of the following ways?

A) girls who are passive and accepting about the stereotypical prescribed gender roles
B) girls who date boyfriends their age
C) girls with sexual injury in the form of abuse that results in anger, running away, and so on
D) girls who are encouraged to explore lesbian desire

Question 46

Which term is most often used to represent people who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, trans, queer, transsexual, intersexed, and so on in scholarly studies?

A) LGBTQI+
B) ally
C) gender nonconforming
D) sexual minority status

Question 47

In a study that examines the impact of gender identity on offending, the author found that offending and aggression were more likely in women with ______ identities.

A) masculine
B) feminine
C) androgynous
D) undifferentiated

Question 48

Which type of research always assumes a heterosexual male subject as a starting and reference point?

A) sexuality
B) gender
C) gang
D) feminist

Question 49

Research has found that women with serious mental illness are more likely to ______.

A) have experienced trauma
B) have had a later onset of substance use disorder
C) have been 1-time offenders
D) have committed violent offenses

Question 50

Offenses committed by girls and women tend to be less serious and violent than those committed by boys and men.

Question 51

Gender-neutral crimes are more likely to be committed by one sex/gender than the other.

Question 52

Gender comparisons in offending are evaluated by determining which offenses are gender-related and which are gender-neutral.

Question 53

Historically, legal codes for some offenses were written so that only one sex/gender could be a victim or offender.

Question 54

Most crimes are never reported to the police.

Question 55

Self-report data are considered to be a far more accurate measure of the actual crime rate than arrest data.

Question 56

DUI data since the 1980s support gender divergence.

Question 57

The most common pattern gender-crime gap research is gender divergence.

Question 58

The main source for measuring U.S. crimes is the Uniform Crime Reports.

Question 59

UCR data do not report information on class or socioeconomic status.

Question 60

Whether an offender commits crimes alone or with others (co-offending) is gendered.

Question 61

Most co-offending is by boys/men.

Question 62

When women and girls co-offend with men/boys, they tend to commit a narrow range and less violent crimes.

Question 63

Gender differences depending on age do not exist.

Question 64

Up-criming is an example of age-related criminal legal system processing.

Question 65

If researchers want to present a more valid measure of offending, they should focus on official CLS statistics presented in reports, such as the UCR.

Question 66

The danger in using CLS statistics is that they may be a better reflection of bias rather than offending.

Question 67

Race/ethnicity is vital to understanding crime rates.

Question 68

According to sexual identify and crime research, girls are more likely to be labeled as delinquents and arrested than SMS boys or non-SMS girls.

Question 69

Seriously mentally illness intersects with offending, reoffending, substance abuse, and trauma.

Question 70

Explain why NIBRS is preferable to the UCR?

Question 71

Explain why victimization surveys are preferable to both the UCR and NIBRS.

Question 72

Explain up-criming. Where is it most likely to be used? Do you agree with the practice? Why or why not?

Question 73

Kruttschnitt (1996) points out that ignoring racial variations in gender comparisons of offending is "short-sighted." Why? Do you agree with Kruttschnitt? Why or why not?

Question 74

Identify the four ways that the sexualization of girls' lives can be manifested in delinquency or perceptions of delinquency.