Deck 3: The Rise of Rehabilitation

Question 1

___________ represented a vigorous attack on the popular belief that rehabilitation should be the primary if not exclusive aim of our criminal justice system.

A) The indeterminate sentencing movement
B) The determinate sentencing movement
C) The deterrence movement
D) The Progressive movement

Answer 1

The determinate sentencing movement

Question 2

According to the American colonists, humans __________ .

A) were depraved creatures cursed by original sin
B) could be transformed into the law-abiding through reformative measures imposed by the state
C) were rational beings in control of their own destinies
D) should all be locked up in a mental institution

Answer 2

were depraved creatures cursed by original sin

Question 3

Which one of the following is not a true distinguishing feature of the nature of criminal punishment in Colonial America?

A) The bulk of the sanctions utilized by the colonists intentionally inflicted physical pain
B) Punishments were carried out in public
C) The majority of people who broke the law were hanged to death
D) The use of imprisonment was rare

Answer 3

The majority of people who broke the law were hanged to death

Question 4

After the American Revolution, the citizens of the new nation were influenced by the advent of __________ and began to develop revisionist conceptions of human nature, the social order, and the origins of criminality.

A) the new penology
B) the Enlightenment
C) Colonial America
D) the positivist school

Question 5

According to the European writers who were influential in renovating the legal system inherited from the colonial days, __________ of punishment is the most important ingredient in insuring that the costs of crime outweigh the benefits.

A) celerity
B) the dehumanization
C) severity
D) certainty

Question 6

After the American Revolution, imprisonment was used as an alternative to the brutal and harsh corporal punishments that had been imposed by the colonial predecessors. During this time, prison was viewed as an instrument of ___________, not one of ___________.

A) spiritual transformation; punishment
B) rehabilitation; punishment
C) rehabilitation; spiritual transformation
D) punishment; rehabilitation

Question 7

___________ was the first to establish the idea of using incarceration to reform the criminally deviant.

A) Attica Correctional Facility
B) Cesare Lombroso
C) The Walnut Street Jail
D) Arkansas State Penitentiary

Question 8

___________ was influential in creating the Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons and called for a therapeutic program that included the classification of inmates for housing, prison labor, indeterminate sentencing, and individualized treatment.

A) Benjamin Franklin
B) Benjamin Rush
C) David Rothman
D) John Howard

Question 9

John Howard is most known for establishing ____________.

A) how prison should be altered to make it conducive to correction rather than corruption
B) the "mark system"
C) the Walnut Street Jail
D) a scheme that allowed inmates to gradually prove their reform and thereby win early release from prison

Question 10

All were important factors for the rise of prisons dedicated to the cure of criminal offenders except:

A) Americans found themselves residing in a more open and fluid society marked by geographical and socioeconomic mobility and growth
B) The belief in a determinate sentencing scheme
C) State governments were becoming increasingly powerful and centralized
D) The belief that the root cause of crime was the social disorder that had transpired across the country

Question 11

___________ reformers proposed that each inmate be housed in a separate cell, day and night for the entire term of incarceration because they were adamant that freedom from debasing interactions could only be attained through a system of total solitary confinement.

A) Quaker
B) Auburn
C) Enlightened
D) Colonial

Question 12

___________ reformers proposed that inmates sleep alone in their cells, but congregate during the day for meals, hard labor, and Sunday worship.

A) Quaker
B) Enlightened
C) Auburn
D) Colonial

Question 13

Advocates of the "new penology" were clear that the prisoner's destiny should be placed in his/her own hands and that he/she must be put into circumstances where he/she will be able, through his/her own exertions, to continually better his/her own conditions. What innovative reformative tool would accomplish this?

A) The determinate sentence
B) The indeterminate sentence
C) Trial by torture
D) Jury trial

Question 14

The various threads of the new penology first came together into a coherent correctional philosophy at the ____________.

A) National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals
B) Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons
C) National Institute of Justice
D) National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline

Question 15

Which of the following best describes a "mark system" first introduced by Alexander Maconochie?

A) A system in which sentences are legislatively fixed and narrow
B) A system in which correctional officers overlook minor institutional violations in an implicit "bargain" with inmates to achieve compliance with major regulations
C) A system where inmates move incrementally toward a future of decreasing restrictions and, ultimately, of freedom
D) A system in which time is deducted from an original sentence, according to provisions established by a legislator

Question 16

In a talk entitled "The Ideal of a True Prison System for a State," __________ argued that to solve the crime problem, we must abandon the infliction of punishment and instead focus on the prevention of crime and the reformation of criminals.

A) Zebulon Brockway
B) Alexander Maconochie
C) Harry Elmer Barnes
D) Elam Lynds

Question 17

The __________ was a list of 37 principles elucidating the core parameters of the new penology that had developed during the Congress's meeting.

A) Declaration of Principles
B) Declaration of Independence
C) the Principles of Corrections
D) Declaration of Conformity

Question 18

The tenets of the new penology received their fullest expression at __________.

A) Arkansas State Penitentiary
B) The Walnut Street Jail
C) Elmira Reformatory
D) Auburn Correctional Facility

Question 19

Which one of the following would a Progressive follower not agree with?

A) Indeterminate sentencing
B) Fit the punishment to the crime, not the offender
C) Individualized treatment
D) Many offenders can best be treated under community supervision, rather than prison

Question 20

The Progressives believed that __________ would carry out their corrections agenda in good faith and could be trusted to bring about the human and scientific cure of the criminally deviant.

A) each county
B) the President of the United States
C) the mayor
D) the state

Question 21

Colonial Americans invoked a wide array of punishments to enforce public safety. Identify at least three of these punishments that were used.

Question 22

The design to be followed in renovating the legal system inherited from the colonial days was supplied in the works of European writers, most notably Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments (1764). Briefly explain the three ideas these writers put forth for punishment in the new nation.

Question 23

What is the importance of the Walnut Street Jail?

Question 24

While it varied by degrees of intensity, what belief did both Quaker and Auburn reformers share?

Question 25

Why did the Auburn design serve as the blueprint for nearly all American prisons that were built in the middle portion of the 1800s?

Question 26

At the dawning of the penitentiary, determinate sentencing schemes were used to sentence criminal offenders. How did this sentencing scheme conflict with the rehabilitative ideal?

Question 27

Briefly explain the institutional scheme put forth by Sir Walter Crofton.

Question 28

Although Alexander Maconochie's experiment in the humanistic, rehabilitative treatment of offenders proved to be successful, he was dismissed in 1844 for what reason?

Question 29

According to the Progressives, what posed the gravest danger to the sanctity of American democratic ideals?

Question 30

Compare and contrast the two competing reform movements that emerged in the 1800s.

Question 31

Discuss in detail the "new penology." In your answer, be sure to discuss the following: (1) what imprisonment was like before the new penology emerged; (2) who and what was involved in the formation of the new penology; (3) the central tenets or beliefs of the new penology.

Question 32

Discuss the Progressive era and individualized treatment. In your answer, be sure to discuss the following: (1) when did the Progressive era emerge?; (2) how capitalist industrialism and big businesses threatened the state of our nation; (3) how the Progressives built upon the ideas and beliefs first put forth by the new penology; (4) discuss who the Progressives thought should be responsible for carrying out the humane and scientific cure of the criminally deviant.