Question 1

___________ represented a vigorous attack on the popular belief that rehabilitation should be the primary if not exclusive aim of our criminal justice system.

Accepted Answer

The determinate sentencing movement represented a shift away from rehabilitation as the primary goal of the criminal justice system and towards fixed, predetermined sentences for specific crimes. This movement was seen as a response to criticisms of the indeterminate sentencing movement, which was accused of being too lenient and failing to adequately punish offenders. The deterrence movement, while also focused on punishment, primarily aimed to deter criminal behavior through the threat of harsh consequences, rather than focusing on rehabilitation. The Progressive movement encompassed a wide range of social and political reforms in the early 20th century, and while it did advocate for some criminal justice reforms, it cannot be said to have specifically targeted the rehabilitation vs. punishment debate.

Question 2

According to the American colonists, humans __________ .

Accepted Answer

The American colonists believed that humans were depraved creatures cursed by original sin. This belief was based on the teachings of John Calvin, who argued that humans were inherently sinful and could not be saved without the grace of God.

Question 3

Which one of the following is not a true distinguishing feature of the nature of criminal punishment in Colonial America?

Accepted Answer

While hanging was a common form of punishment in colonial America, the majority of people who broke the law were not necessarily hanged to death. Other forms of punishment such as fines, public humiliation, and indentured servitude were also commonly used.

Question 4

After the American Revolution, the citizens of the new nation were influenced by the advent of __________ and began to develop revisionist conceptions of human nature, the social order, and the origins of criminality.

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment was a cultural movement that swept through Western Europe in the mid-1700s, and it heavily influenced the way that Americans thought about themselves and their society after the Revolution. Enlightenment thinkers emphasized rationality, individualism, and the potential for progress, and their ideas challenged traditional notions of divine authority and hierarchical social structures. These ideas seeded a revisionist approach to criminology, including a new appreciation for the causes of crime and a focus on reforming offenders rather than simply punishing them.

Question 5

According to the European writers who were influential in renovating the legal system inherited from the colonial days, __________ of punishment is the most important ingredient in insuring that the costs of crime outweigh the benefits.

Accepted Answer

According to European writers, the most important ingredient in ensuring that the costs of crime outweigh the benefits is the certainty of punishment.

Question 6

After the American Revolution, imprisonment was used as an alternative to the brutal and harsh corporal punishments that had been imposed by the colonial predecessors. During this time, prison was viewed as an instrument of ___________, not one of ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After the American Revolution, imprisonment was used...

Question 7

___________ was the first to establish the idea of using incarceration to reform the criminally deviant.

Accepted Answer

The Walnut Street Jail, established in Philadelphia in 1790, was the first institution to focus on the idea of using incarceration as a method to reform criminals, marking a significant shift from previous punitive measures to a more rehabilitative approach.

Question 8

___________ was influential in creating the Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons and called for a therapeutic program that included the classification of inmates for housing, prison labor, indeterminate sentencing, and individualized treatment.

Accepted Answer

Benjamin Rush was influential in creating the Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons and called for a therapeutic program that included the classification of inmates for housing, prison labor, indeterminate sentencing, and individualized treatment.

Question 9

John Howard is most known for establishing ____________.

Accepted Answer

John Howard is most known for his work in prison reform, particularly for his advocacy in changing prisons to be more conducive to correction rather than places of corruption. His extensive travels and observations of prisons across Europe led to significant reforms in the way prisons were managed and designed, focusing on improving conditions for inmates and suggesting that prisons should aim to reform individuals rather than simply punish them.

Question 10

All were important factors for the rise of prisons dedicated to the cure of criminal offenders except:

Accepted Answer

The belief in a determinate sentencing scheme is not a factor for the rise of prisons dedicated to the cure of criminal offenders. The rise was more influenced by societal changes, the increasing power of state governments, and beliefs about the causes of crime, rather than the adoption of a specific sentencing scheme.

Question 11

___________ reformers proposed that each inmate be housed in a separate cell, day and night for the entire term of incarceration because they were adamant that freedom from debasing interactions could only be attained through a system of total solitary confinement.

Accepted Answer

Quaker reformers in the early 19th century advocated for a system of total solitary confinement as they believed it would encourage reflection and penitence in inmates, while protecting them from negative influences and interactions with other prisoners. This system was first implemented at the Eastern State Penitentiary in Pennsylvania, which became a model for prisons across the United States and eventually led to the widespread use of solitary confinement as a form of punishment.

Question 12

___________ reformers proposed that inmates sleep alone in their cells, but congregate during the day for meals, hard labor, and Sunday worship.

Accepted Answer

The Auburn system, developed in the early 19th century, advocated for inmates to sleep in solitary cells but work together during the day, which contrasts with the Pennsylvania system where inmates were kept in solitary confinement both day and night.

Question 13

Advocates of the "new penology" were clear that the prisoner's destiny should be placed in his/her own hands and that he/she must be put into circumstances where he/she will be able, through his/her own exertions, to continually better his/her own conditions. What innovative reformative tool would accomplish this?

Accepted Answer

The indeterminate sentence allows for the prisoner's release to be based on rehabilitation and reformative efforts. This means that the prisoner can work towards improving their behavior and progress towards release, placing their destiny in their own hands. The determinate sentence provides a fixed punishment, leaving little room for the offender to take responsibility for their own improvement, while trial by torture and jury trial are not reformative tools.

Question 14

The various threads of the new penology first came together into a coherent correctional philosophy at the ____________.

Accepted Answer

The various threads of the new penology first came together into a coherent correctional philosophy at the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline. This event marked a significant moment in the history of correctional philosophy, emphasizing reform and discipline within the penal system.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes a "mark system" first introduced by Alexander Maconochie?

Accepted Answer

A mark system, also known as the "graded system," is a type of rehabilitation program in which inmates earn points or "marks" through good behavior, work, and education. These marks can be used to earn privileges and promotions within the prison, such as more free time and better living conditions. The ultimate goal of the mark system is for inmates to earn enough points to be released into society. Alexander Maconochie introduced the mark system in a prison in Norfolk Island in the mid-1800s, and it became a model for later penal reformers.

Question 16

In a talk entitled "The Ideal of a True Prison System for a State," __________ argued that to solve the crime problem, we must abandon the infliction of punishment and instead focus on the prevention of crime and the reformation of criminals.

Accepted Answer

Zebulon Brockway was a prominent advocate for prison reform and emphasized the importance of rehabilitation over punishment in the criminal justice system.

Question 17

The __________ was a list of 37 principles elucidating the core parameters of the new penology that had developed during the Congress's meeting.

Accepted Answer

The Declaration of Principles was a list of 37 principles elucidating the core parameters of the new penology that had developed during the Congress's meeting.

Question 18

The tenets of the new penology received their fullest expression at __________.

Accepted Answer

The new penology was developed and implemented at Elmira Reformatory in New York in the late 1800s. This approach emphasized rehabilitation and individualized treatment for inmates, rather than punishment and hard labor.

Question 19

Which one of the following would a Progressive follower not agree with?

Accepted Answer

Progressives typically advocate for rehabilitation rather than strict punishment, so they would not agree with the idea of fitting the punishment to the crime rather than considering the individual offender and their potential for rehabilitation. The other options align with progressive values of individualized treatment and alternative forms of punishment like community supervision.

Question 20

The Progressives believed that __________ would carry out their corrections agenda in good faith and could be trusted to bring about the human and scientific cure of the criminally deviant.

Accepted Answer

The Progressives placed their trust in the state to implement their reform agenda, believing that a centralized authority would be more effective in enacting and enforcing laws aimed at addressing social issues, including the treatment and rehabilitation of the criminally deviant. This reflects their broader belief in the power and responsibility of government to improve society through regulation and intervention.

Quiz 3: The Rise of Rehabilitation