Deck 4: The Roman Period and the Middle Ages

Question 1

Based on Galen's personality theory, a sanguine personality would be characterized as

A)cheerful, optimistic.
B)Sad, depressed
C)sluggish, unemotional
D)quick-tempered, fiery.

Answer 1

cheerful, optimistic.

Question 2

The method for seeking knowledge on which Tertullian centered his worldview was

A)reason
B)revelation
C)empiricism
D)aestheticism

Answer 2

revelation

Question 3

_______, as author of the Confessions, provided the world with a powerful psychological autobiography. He was one of the first to emphasize the importance of unconscious processes.

A)Aquinas
B)Rhazes
C)Roger Bacon
D)Augustine

Answer 3

Augustine

Question 4

_______ wrote on the topic of memory, distinguishing between recognition and recall, and gave consideration to the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

A)Aquinas
B)Rhazes
C)Roger Bacon
D)Augustine

Question 5

In addition to criticizing ancient conceptions of disease such as demonology, ______ was also the first to apply chemistry to medical research.

A)Aquinas
B)Rhazes
C)Roger Bacon
D)Augustine

Question 6

The most influential philosopher and physician of the early Islamic world was

A)Avicenna
B)Rhazes
C)Alhazen
D)Averröes

Question 7

One characteristic that Avicenna, Maimonides, and St. Thomas Aquinas had in common was that each one

A)was Christian
B)greatly distrusted reason
C)elevated empiricism over reason
D)sought to reconcile faith and reason

Question 8

________ had a concept of soul very similar to Aristotle's concept of soul. Soul includes vegetative, animal, and human functions.

A)Avicenna
B)Rhazes
C)Alhazen
D)Averröes

Question 9

Famous for his Book of Optics ______ rejected the Platonic theory of extramission or that light rays are emitted from the eye.

A)Roger Bacon
B)William of Ockham
C)Alhazen
D)Avicenna

Question 10

_________ was a philosopher in his own right, but he was even more famous for his extensive commentary on the work of Aristotle which became a major intellectual force in Europe.

A)Rhazes
B)Avicenna
C)Alhazen
D)Averröes

Question 11

The book Guide of the Perplexed, written by ________, was an early attempt to reconcile faith and science by arguing that many scriptural texts were written for very simple people and should not be taken literally.

A)Maimonides
B)Aquinas
C)Avicenna
D)Roger Bacon

Question 12

_______________ argued that reason is no less a gift from God than the scriptures and should not be blindly rejected. He saw doubt in a positive light because it motivates study.

A)Plotinus
B)Augustine
C)Peter Abelard
D)Plato

Question 13

______ was an early investigator of the nature of loving relationships.

A)Oliva Sabuco
B)Héloise
C)Hypatia
D)Thomas Aquinas

Question 14

________ wrote Opus Majus, which contained chapters on topics such as optics, philosophy, mathematics, experimental science, moral philosophy, and four general causes of human errors.

A)Thomas Aquinas
B)Peter Abelard
C)Héloise
D)Roger Bacon

Question 15

Almost single-handedly, ________ was able to convince church authorities that they had nothing to fear from Aristotle. Following the influence of this theologian, Aristotle was a regular part of the curriculum at the University of Paris.

A)Thomas Aquinas
B)Augustine
C)Peter Abelard
D)Héloise

Question 16

The medieval period was characterized by

A)accelerated development
B)total stagnation
C)intellectual progression and regression occurring simultaneously
D)the acceptance of science

Question 17

The early Christian church in Rome emphasized

A)science
B)knowledge by revelation
C)the value of this life
D)acceptance of women

Question 18

According to the text, which of the following did NOT contribute to the fall of the Roman Empire?

A)a dwindling population
B)tensions between Roman polytheism and Christianity
C)economic burdens resulting from military expansion
D)larger families

Question 19

______________ proposed four general causes for human ignorance and error.

A)Peter Abelard
B)Thomas Aquinas
C)Roger Bacon
D)St. Augustine.

Question 20

The Greek physician ______, practicing in Rome, was one of the first to distinguish between delusions and hallucinations.

A)Asclepiades
B)Galen
C)Plotinus
D)Lucretius

Question 21

_________ was one of the first to assess psychological states by observing physiological reactions. Indeed, he concluded that one of his patients was in love because her heart rate and facial expressions changed each time the name of the object of her love was mentioned.

A)Galen
B)Empedocles
C)Hippocrates
D)Alcmaeon

Question 22

Galen believed that most mental disorders are the result of

A)demons
B)bad choices, or the misuse of free will
C)psychological conflicts
D)imbalance in the various humors and qualities

Question 23

Taken quite simply, the term pneuma, as used by Galen, refers to

A)the body
B)air that is drawn in as we breathe and distributed to the various tissues
C)blood
D)black bile responsible for depression

Question 24

Galen's medical doctrines were

A)widely rejected by the Christian church
B)assimilated into Christian theology and became rigid dogma
C)rejected by the church as the ""work of the devil""
D)rejected by the church as an example of materialism

Question 25

Most of the major schools of thought in Rome were focused on

A)the physical structure of the universe
B)the problem of knowledge
C)the conflicts of faith and reason
D)how to live a happy and untroubled life

Question 26

________ was a stoic who advocated resignation to things beyond human control.

A)Lucretius
B)Plotinus
C)Epicurus of Samos
D)Epictetus

Question 27

The stoics and Epicureans believed in moderation, but psychologically the stoics emphasized ________ whereas the Epicureans emphasized

A)suppression . . . expression
B)expression . . . suppression
C)extroversion . . . introversion
D)socialization . . . isolation

Question 28

__________ proposed a theory of evolution of social groups, religion, and language.

A)Plotinus
B)Hypatia of Alexandria
C)Epicurus of Samos
D)Lucretius

Question 29

Platonic thought was combined with religion in the work of

A)Lucretius
B)Plotinus
C)Rhazes
D)Zeno of Cyprus

Question 30

__________ was known for expertise in geometry and for being an early advocate of music therapy.

A)Hypatia
B)Aristotle
C)Plotinus
D)Rhazes

Question 31

______ is to skepticism as _______ is to neo-Platonism.

A)Alhazen . . . Rhazes
B)Augustine . . . Aquinus
C)Lucretius . . . Pyrrho
D)Pyrrho . . . Plotinus

Question 32

The school of philosophy known as skepticism was founded by

A)Pyrrho
B)Lucretius
C)Zeno
D)Plotinus

Question 33

The principle of parsimony of ""Ockham's Razor"" states that

A)scientific explanations should always be set forth in quantitative terms
B)science should always begin with experience and then look for the building blocks of experience
C)nothing in nature is ever simple, so do not asssume simplicity
D)explanations containing fewer assumptions are to be preferred to those containing more assumptions