Question 1

Based on Galen's personality theory, a sanguine personality would be characterized as

Accepted Answer

Galen's personality theory associates a sanguine personality with being cheerful and optimistic, linked to the ancient belief in bodily humors, where a sanguine temperament was thought to be caused by an excess of blood.

Question 2

The method for seeking knowledge on which Tertullian centered his worldview was

Accepted Answer

Tertullian, an early Christian author and theologian, emphasized revelation, particularly divine revelation, as the primary method for seeking knowledge and understanding the world, rather than relying on human reason or empirical evidence.

Question 3

_______, as author of the Confessions, provided the world with a powerful psychological autobiography. He was one of the first to emphasize the importance of unconscious processes.

Accepted Answer

Augustine, through his work "Confessions," delved into the depths of his own psyche, making it one of the earliest works to explore the concept of the unconscious mind and personal introspection.

Question 4

_______ wrote on the topic of memory, distinguishing between recognition and recall, and gave consideration to the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

Augustine made significant contributions to the philosophy of memory, distinguishing between recognition and recall, and he also discussed the phenomenon of having something on the tip of the tongue but not being able to recall it fully.

Question 5

In addition to criticizing ancient conceptions of disease such as demonology, ______ was also the first to apply chemistry to medical research.

Accepted Answer

Rhazes, a Persian polymath, was among the first to apply chemical techniques to medicine, significantly advancing the field beyond ancient and medieval reliance on supernatural explanations for disease.

Question 6

The most influential philosopher and physician of the early Islamic world was

Accepted Answer

Avicenna, also known as Ibn Sina, was a highly influential philosopher and physician in the Islamic Golden Age, whose works in medicine, notably "The Canon of Medicine," were used as standard texts in the Islamic world and Europe for centuries.

Question 7

One characteristic that Avicenna, Maimonides, and St. Thomas Aquinas had in common was that each one

Accepted Answer

Avicenna, Maimonides, and St. Thomas Aquinas were all medieval philosophers who, despite their different religious backgrounds (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, respectively), shared a common goal of reconciling faith with reason. They each believed that faith and reason were not in conflict but could be used together to understand the world and the divine.

Question 8

________ had a concept of soul very similar to Aristotle's concept of soul. Soul includes vegetative, animal, and human functions.

Accepted Answer

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) had a concept of the soul that was very similar to Aristotle's, including the division into vegetative, animal, and rational (human) aspects.

Question 9

Famous for his Book of Optics ______ rejected the Platonic theory of extramission or that light rays are emitted from the eye.

Accepted Answer

Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham) is renowned for his seminal work, the Book of Optics, where he argued against the extramission theory of vision, which posited that light rays emanate from the eyes. Instead, he supported the intromission theory, asserting that vision occurs when light rays enter the eyes.

Question 10

_________ was a philosopher in his own right, but he was even more famous for his extensive commentary on the work of Aristotle which became a major intellectual force in Europe.

Accepted Answer

Averröes, also known as Ibn Rushd, was renowned for his comprehensive commentaries on Aristotle's works, which significantly influenced European thought during the Middle Ages.

Question 11

The book Guide of the Perplexed, written by ________, was an early attempt to reconcile faith and science by arguing that many scriptural texts were written for very simple people and should not be taken literally.

Accepted Answer

Maimonides, a Jewish philosopher, wrote "Guide of the Perplexed" to harmonize religious tradition with philosophical thought, suggesting that scripture often contains allegories to convey deeper truths.

Question 12

_______________ argued that reason is no less a gift from God than the scriptures and should not be blindly rejected. He saw doubt in a positive light because it motivates study.

Accepted Answer

Peter Abelard, a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician, argued that reason is a divine gift and should be used in understanding faith. He famously saw doubt as a necessary step towards faith because it encourages intellectual inquiry and the search for truth.

Question 13

______ was an early investigator of the nature of loving relationships.

Accepted Answer

Héloise is known for her passionate and intellectual relationship with Peter Abelard, which has been interpreted through their surviving correspondence as an investigation into the nature of loving relationships.

Question 14

________ wrote Opus Majus, which contained chapters on topics such as optics, philosophy, mathematics, experimental science, moral philosophy, and four general causes of human errors.

Accepted Answer

Roger Bacon is the author of Opus Majus, a comprehensive scholarly work that touches on a wide range of subjects including optics, philosophy, mathematics, experimental science, moral philosophy, and the causes of human error.

Question 15

Almost single-handedly, ________ was able to convince church authorities that they had nothing to fear from Aristotle. Following the influence of this theologian, Aristotle was a regular part of the curriculum at the University of Paris.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Aquinas was instrumental in integrating Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology, which led to the acceptance of Aristotle's works in the curriculum of the University of Paris.

Question 16

The medieval period was characterized by

Accepted Answer

The medieval period saw both intellectual progression and regression, with advancements in some areas such as architecture and philosophy, while other fields experienced periods of stagnation or decline.

Question 17

The early Christian church in Rome emphasized

Accepted Answer

The early Christian church emphasized knowledge by revelation, meaning understanding and insight were believed to come from divine revelation rather than empirical evidence or scientific inquiry.

Question 18

According to the text, which of the following did NOT contribute to the fall of the Roman Empire?

Accepted Answer

The fall of the Roman Empire was influenced by a dwindling population, tensions between Roman polytheism and Christianity, and economic burdens from military expansion, but not by larger families. In fact, a dwindling population is mentioned as a contributing factor, which is the opposite of having larger families.

Question 19

______________ proposed four general causes for human ignorance and error.

Accepted Answer

Roger Bacon proposed four general causes for human ignorance and error, which he famously termed the "Four Idols." These include the influence of misleading authority, the influence of custom, the influence of popular opinion, and the concealment of one's own ignorance with the ostentation of wisdom.

Question 20

The Greek physician ______, practicing in Rome, was one of the first to distinguish between delusions and hallucinations.

Accepted Answer

Asclepiades was a Greek physician who practiced in Rome and is known for distinguishing between delusions and hallucinations.

Quiz 4: The Roman Period and the Middle Ages